1. Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life Section 3: Carbon Compounds
CCS Biology
Mr. Bogusch

2. The Chemistry of Carbon
Organic Chemistry – study of chemistry that contain bonds between carbon atoms
Carbon can bond with many elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen to form the molecules of life
A wonderful image released by Michael Ströck under the GNU Free Documentation License: The structures of eight allotropes of carbon: a) Diamond b) Graphite c) Lonsdaleite d) C60 (Buckminsterfullerene) e) C540 Fullerene f) C70 Fullerene g) Amorphous carbon h) Single-walled carbon nanotube

3. The Chemistry of Carbon
Characteristics of carbon
Carbon has 4 valence electrons – meaning it can make up to 4 covalent bonds with itself or many other elements
Carbon can bond with itself in a single, double, or triple covalent bond

4. The Chemistry of Carbon
Macromolecules
Macromolecules – “giant molecules” --molecules made from hundreds to thousands of smaller molecules
Polymerization – process by which large compounds are formed by joining smaller ones together
Monomers – one molecule or “single part”
Polymers – many molecules or “many parts”

5. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Biological
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

6. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates – compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1:2:1
Living things use carbohydrates as their main sources of energy. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
The breakdown of glucose provides immediately energy for cell activities
Starches – extra sugar stored as complex carbohydrates

7. Simples Sugars Carbohydrates Monosaccharides – single sugar molecules
Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Carbohydrates
Simples Sugars
Monosaccharides – single sugar molecules
For example: Glucose, fructose (found in fruit), galactose (found in milk)
Disaccharide – two monosaccharides (single sugars) joined together
For example: Sucrose (disaccharide) if made by joining glucose and fructose.

8. Simples Sugars

9. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Carbohydrates
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides – large molecules formed from joining monosaccharides
Animal Carbohydrates
Glycogen - (animal starch) is formed by joining many glucose monosaccharides together
Glycogen supplies energy for muscle contraction
Plant Carbohydrates
Starch – polysaccharide that plants use to store sugar
Cellulose – fibrous polysaccharide plants use for strength and rigidity
Cellulose is the main component of wood and paper

10. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates

11. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Lipids
Lipids
Lipids – nonpolar molecules that cannot dissolve in water and made of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms
Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
Steroids (which include hormones) are lipids
Hormones - chemical messengers

12. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Lipids

13. Lipids are made of a glycerol molecule and fatty acid tails
Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Lipids
Lipids are made of a glycerol molecule and fatty acid tails
Saturated fatty acid – the fatty acid tail is completely filled with hydrogen atoms
Fats that are solid at room temperature
Butter, grease
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (unsaturated) – the fatty acid tail has at least ne carbon – carbon double bond
Fats that are liquid at room temperature
Olive oil, corn oil canola oil, peanut oil

14. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Lipids

16. ATP Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids
Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acid – macromolecules that contain nucleotides
Nucleotides – molecule that has a nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.
ATP – adenosine triphosphate – chemical energy in organisms
ATP
Nucleotide

17. Hereditary information – DNA and RNA
Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Nucleic Acids
Hereditary information – DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information
Ribonucleic Acid – RNA - transfer the instructions to build proteins from the nucleus to ribosomes (where proteins are built)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid – DNA - have the instructions to build proteins

18. Nucleic Acids - DNA

19. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Nucleic Acids

20. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Proteins
Proteins
Protein – macromolecules that are made of chains (polymers) of amino acids
Proteins are assembled by RNA from the instructions of DNA
Amino acids – compounds with an amino group (NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other end.
Peptide bonds (covalent bonds) link amino acids together.

21. Proteins DO EVERTHING!!!! Proteins
Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Proteins
Proteins DO EVERTHING!!!!
Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Other proteins from important cellular structures, while others transport substances into or out of cells to help fight disease.

22. Structure and Function
Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Proteins
Structure and Function
There are around 20 different amino acids found in nature
Amino acids are diverse macromolecules – some are acidic and some are basic, some are polar and some are nonpolar (meaning some will dissolve in water and some will not)

23. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)
Proteins

24. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules (found in living things)

25. Chapter 2: Science of Biology
Section 4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

26. Chemical Reactions
Chemical reaction – process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another
Mass and energy are conserved during the reaction
The law of conservation of energy states that energy may neither be created nor destroyed.

27. As it enters the blood, carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with water to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is highly soluble.
This chemical reaction enables the blood to carry carbon dioxide to the lungs.
In the lungs, the reaction is reversed and produces carbon dioxide gas, which you exhale.

28. Chemical Reactions
Reactants – elements or compounds that enter the chemical reaction
Products – elements or compounds produced by the chemical reaction
Chemical reactions involve changes in the chemical bonds that joins atoms in compounds

29. Chemical Reaction Example

30. Energy in Reactions Hindenburg
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur on their own, or spontaneously.
For example: burning of hydrogen gas
2H2 + O2 -- 2H2O
Hindenburg

31. Energy in Reactions
Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy
Activation Energy – energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

33. Enzymes
Catalyst – a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzyme – Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy (amount of energy needed to start the chemical reaction)
Enzymes are biological catalyst

35. Enzymes The Enzyme- Substrate Complex
Substrate – the substance an enzyme acts on
The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
Active site – the site on the enzyme where that substrate binds onto.
Similar to a “lock and key”

36. Enzymes

37. Enzymes

38. Enzymes Control (regulation) of Enzyme Activity
Temperature, pH, and other molecules can affect the activity of enzymes
For example: Human enzymes work best at a temperature of 37°C (98.6°F).
Human enzymes in the stomach work best at a pH of 2