1. Border/Immigration Policy, 1924-1996

2. Revolution and its Wake Flood of dispossessed and displaced migrants north Coincides with rise of agribusiness in US Southwest Immigration Act of 1924 establishes national quotas and the Border Patrol

3. Depression, the Bracero Program, Operation Wetback, and the Immigration Act of 1965 Hundreds of thousands sent back during Depression Bracero Program: 1942-1964 B.P. institutionalized migration, created permanent migratory networks Operation Wetback 1954: mass deportation 1965: National quotas terminated

4. Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), 1986 Employer sanctions Restrictions in social services “Amnesty:” 2 million legalized Facilitates illegal immigration

5. 1990s backlash Pat Buchanan holds press conference above Smugglers Canyon: “illegal invasion” Most acute in California –Budget crisis and recession –Rising nativist fears –Pete Wilson saves a floundering election campaign –Proposition 187, 1994 Largely symbolic; message to the feds; declared unconstitutional

6. Clinton Administration and After Beefs up Border Patrol INS becomes fastest growing federal agency INS developed more gun-carrying personnel than any other agency Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act of 1996 creates 10,000 new Border Patrol agents by 2001 All in a period of government downsizing

7. Clinton Continued Clinton’s welfare reform bill cuts many social programs for immigrants. Illegal immigrants become ineligible for virtually all federal and state benefits except emergency medical care, immunization programs, and disaster relief.

8. Operations Operation Blockade, 1993 (Operation Hold- the-Line): 450 agents over 20 miles Operation Gatekeeper, 1994 (designed between INS and Defense Department’s Center for Low Intensity Conflict) Operation Safeguard, 1995 (apprehensions rise from 3,000/month in 1995 to 27,000 in March 1999)

9. Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437) Would criminalize undocumented immigrants as felons Punish those who try to help them under anti-smuggling laws Machine-scannable social security cards Workplace enforcement Build the wall!Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R- Wisconsin)

10. Senate Response: McCain- Kennedy Proposal Calls for a streamlined path to citizenship for the 10- 12 million “illegal aliens” in the U.S. (the specter of “amnesty”) A guest-worker program Family reunification clause to provide additional green cards for family members of U.S. citizens

11. Operational Control and Immigration Reform in the “Age of Terror”: the Secure Fence Act of 2006 “OPERATIONAL CONTROL DEFINED.—In this section, the term ‘operational control’ means the prevention of all unlawful entries into the United States, including entries by terrorists, other unlawful aliens, instruments of terrorism, narcotics, and other contraband.” Comprehensive Immigration Reform Begins With Securing The Border 373 miles of fence by end of 2008 Surveillance Technology Beefing up border patrol Path to citizenship

12. Guest-workers: Z Visas Z visa applicants pay a $1,000 fine for heads of households, additional $500 fine for each dependent. Processing fee of up to $1,500 and a $500 state impact assistance fee. Applicants must be employed or contracted for employment, pass background checks, and agree to meet accelerated English and civics requirements. Renewable every four years.

14. Recent Security Specifics 700 miles of fencing surveillance cameras satellite communications among enforcement agencies unmanned aerial vehicles and Aerostat Radar System to improve surveillance

15. The Fence Cost overruns –$5 million miles –Total cost: 49 billion Bug-ridden technology

16. Obama/Napolitano Similar to the Bush plan except little on guest-workers Crack down on employers –Employment eligibility verification system –Leery of workplace raids

17. Meanwhile

18. Agua Prieta and the Field School

22. Maquiladoras

23. When recession hits the U.S…. …Mexico bleeds jobs… –Impact on maquila sector especially hard …and the U.S. becomes a colder place for Mexican immigrants.

24. The Drug Business –The State Hypertrophies self-enrichment, atrophies accountability to constituencies Less faith in government support –Barrio residents The quest for living wages A normalized economic sector

25. DouglaPrieta Trabajan Reduce dependency –Self-determination Food production as hub –Community identity and organizing –Self-sufficiency –Poverty reduction –Health