1. Charged Particles in Electric and Magnetic Fields Motion of charged particles Lorentz Force Examples: cyclotron, mass spectrometer

2. Recall: In general: “Lorentz Force” in a magnetic field in an electric field

3. Magnetic Fields: F = qv  B q xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx v F + The force is perpendicular to the velocity (and path), so: no work is done by B kinetic energy is constant speed is constant Only the direction of the motion changes due to the magnetic force. B

4. 1) Uniform B, v perpendicular to B 1) Uniform B, v perpendicular to B + q x x xx Motion is a circle. Magnetic force (  v ) is F m = qvB (constant) But F c = mv 2 /r, so the radius of circle is : r

5. Example: A proton is moving in a circular orbit of radius 14cm in a uniform magnetic field of 0.35T directed perpendicular to the velocity of the proton. Find the orbital speed of the proton.

6. 2) Uniform B, v not perpendicular to B -path is a circular helix along a field line -the component v  (parallel to B ) is constant On a large scale, the particles follow the field lines. + x z y +

7. Frequency Angular frequency [rad/s] is independent of speed and radius. = 1/T (period) The kinetic energy of a particle at radius r is

8. xxx x xxx x + - The Cyclotron : accelerates particles to very high velocities The electric field across the gap is reversed each time the proton arrives, so that its speed in the gap continually increases. Because the time for each half-circle is the same for any proton speed, the voltage supply can just be set to a constant frequency. + “dees” AC Voltage Supply B

9. Quiz A cyclotron can accelerate protons to a maximum kinetic energy of 1 MeV. You want to design a new, improved model with a higher maximum proton energy. Which of the following changes would help? A)Double the magnetic field B)Double the diameter of the dees C)Double the proton current D)Double the voltage of the voltage supply

10. Example: A cyclotron needs to accelerate electrons to a speed of 0.95c for experiments. Given that it can provide a magnetic field of 0.5T: a) what is the cyclotron frequency? b) what is the radius of the cyclotron?

11. The Velocity Selector: allows to select particles that move at the same velocity xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Source Detector + v B E Find: Conditions so that the path is straight.

12. Free-body diagram: + v B E x Need for straight path for straight path

13. Question: Question: + v B E x How are the charges deflected that are either traveling too slow or too fast to travel in a straight line?

14. Mass Spectrometer : separates ions according to their mass:charge ratio Ion Source xxx Uniform B xxx radius depends on mass Assume 12 C and 14 C have same charge. Find the ratio of the diameters of the circular paths if the ions have the same speeds Exercise: