1. PAKISTAN SOCIETY OF SUGAR TECHNOLOGIST AGRICULTURAL WORKSHOP AGRICULTURAL WORKSHOP June 30, 2012 Impact of Sugarcane Varieties in Improvement of Sugar Mills Recoveries By Karim Bakhsh Malik

2. Missionary Statement Our cane yields are one of the lowest in the world and the sugar mill’s recoveries do not match the economic goals of our sugar industry

3. Expansion in Sugar Industry and Cane Area in Punjab and KPK ParticularsPunjabKPK 1949-502010-111949-502010-11 Cane area “000”acres 1706724188 No of Sugar mills 14627 Cane Crushed MT 6527,6821403,035

4. Cane Yield and Sugar Recovery in Punjab and KPK, During 1950 - 2011 Cane Yield and Sugar Recovery in Punjab and KPK, During 1950 - 2011 Year PunjabKPK Cane Yield t/ha Sugar Rec. % Cane Yield t/ha Sugar Rec. % 1950-196028.058.1629.067.71 1960-197035.168.1737.188.15 1970-198036.138.3738.807.77 1980-199036.208.2640.228.62 1990-199539.208.2344.148.60 1995-200042.807.9245.408.02 2000-200547.308.6046.198.10 2005-201151.178.8044.78.20

5. Periodic Progress in Improvement in Cane and Sugar Yields of Pak-Punjab and Indian Punjab Year Pak. PunjabIndian Punjab Cane yield t/ha Sugar Rec. % Sugar yield t/ha Cane yield t/ha Sugar Rec. % Sugar yield t/ha 1950-60 28.58.162.2932.919.303.06 1960-70 35.168.172.8734.868.422.93 1970-80 36.138.373.0250.028.884.44 1980-90 36.208.263.0060.659.855.97 1990-95 39.208.233.2258.809.255.44 1995-00 42.807.923.3961.608.845.45 2000-05 47.308.604.0760.709.675.87 2005-10 48.508.804.2759.609.335.56

6. Agencies Involved in Cane Development Activities 1. Role of sugar mills in cane variety development. 2. Role of Sugarcane Research Institute in variety evolution. 3. Response of growers to new varieties. 4. Government policies.

7. Role of Sugar Mills in Cane Variety Development Sugar Mills have the responsibility to propagate seed of high sugar varieties for its multiplication with growers. Right approach To evaluate the performance of new varieties at sugar mills farm With respect to Their adoptability in the region rapid multiplication of seed Replacement of run out varieties

8. Quite a few Sugar Mills have the insight to Quite a few Sugar Mills have the insight to Replace the run out varieties Replace the run out varieties Some sugarmills provide incentive on seed Some sugarmills provide incentive on seed and other inputs while others are least and other inputs while others are least growers. growers. It takes long time to develop a variety in the region. It takes long time to develop a variety in the region.

9. Five Categories of Sugar Mills with Recovery Ranges of 7.0 to 10.25% No. of Factories No. of Factories Sugar Recovery Ranges 89.5 to 10.25% 99.0 to 9.5% 118.5 to 9.0% 98.0 to 8.5% 67.0 to 8.0%

10. Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab S.NoSugar Mill Average for the period 2009-10 to 2010-11 1999-2000 to 2000-01 1990-81 to 1991-92 1Indus 10.239.170.00 2JDW 2 10.138.358.66 3Kamalia 9.847.808.14 4Etihad 9.75-- 5R.Y.K 9.74-- 6Hamza 9.749.328.33 7JDW 1 9.639.170.00 8Ashraf 9.558.918.62

11. Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab S.NoSugar Mill Average for the period 2009-10 to 2010-11 1999-2000 to 2000-01 1990-81 to 1991-92 9Haq Bahoo 9.31-- 10Fatima 9.298.02-- 11Tandlianwala 2 9.22-- 12Tandlianwala 1 9.167.11-- 13Adam 9.128.488.12 14Shakarganj 9.117.578.07 15Brothers 9.107.578.00 16Chaudhry 9.107.49-- 17Layyah 9.067.117.96

12. Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab S. No Sugar Mill Average for the period 2009-10 to 2010-11 1999-2000 to 2000-01 1990-81 to 1991-92 18Pattoki 8.987.327.98 19Chanar 8.927.17-- 20Sheikhoo 8.848.10-- 21Kashmir 8.838.22-- 22Madina 8.747.10-- 23Hunza 8.73-- 24Colony (Punjab) 8.729.238.27 25Abdullah 8.727.59-- 26Shakarganj Bhone 8.70-- 27Husein 8.677.368.24 28Huda 8.53-- 29Ramzan 8.527.717.97

13. Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab S. No Sugar Mill Average for the period 2009-10 to 2010-11 1999-2000 to 2000-01 1990-91 to 1991-92 30Macca 8.48-- 31Ittefaq 8.487.708.44 32Haseeb Waqas 8.457.62-- 33Baba Farid 8.457.098.19 34Safina (Ph. Wali) 8.197.90-- 35Shahtaj 8.188.198.37

14. Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab S. No Sugar Mill Average for the period 2009-10 to 2010-11 1999-2000 to 2000-01 1990-81 to 1991-92 36Gojra 7.957.027.84 37National 7.958.06-- 38Fecto 7.616.667.66 39Kohinoor 7.607.978.76 40Colony (Phalia) 7.537.818.17 41Noon 7.498.048.77 42Chishtia 7.367.718.17 43Abdullah (Shahpur) 7.147.59--

15. Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in K.P.K S.NoSugar Mill Average for the period 2009-10 to 2010-11 1999-2000 to 2000-01 1990-81 to 1991-92 1Al-Moiz 8.68-- 2Chashma 2 8.60-- 3Chashma 1 8.548.697.41 4Zamand 2 8.36-- 5Khazana 8.208.798.44 6Premier 7.838.417.74 7Bannu 7.808.107.72

16. The 17 Sugar Mills having recovery over 9% must have taken measures to improve recovery. The 17 Sugar Mills having recovery over 9% must have taken measures to improve recovery. We have to ask the 15 mills with sugar recovery of less than 8.5%, We have to ask the 15 mills with sugar recovery of less than 8.5%, Has the technology specific to recovery improvement not reach their door steps? Cane variety is the single most important factory affecting Sugar Mills recovery. Points to Ponder

17. Periodic Sugar Recoveries of Cane Varieties at Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad. VarietiesOct.Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.Mar. Average Nov. - Mar CO-1148 6.56.87.28.99.69.88.5 CPF-238 5.86.16.98.18.89.17.8 HSF-240 8.59.210.711.411.612.111.0 HSF-242 9.110.110.611.612.012.311.3 CPF-246 9.911.011.511.812.012.211.7 CPF-247 10.010.510.811.111.712.411.3 CP 77-400 9.310.010.911.311.412.211.1 CPF-237 9.410.410.911.411.912.311.4

18. Name of Mill Season 2010-2011 Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.Mar. Season Avg. JDW -10.210.310.610.810.5 RYK 8.49.69. 910.3 10.1 Haq Bahu 8.08.69.39.410.09.4 Layyah 7.98.79.19.29.49.1 Hussain 08.19.49.09.38.8 Ittefaq 008.68.79.28.6 Noon 07.47.77.58.47.7 Periodic Sugar Recoveries of Different Sugar Mills in Punjab, During 2010-11

19. Impact of Cane Variety Composition Average recovery of mills to be high or low depends on low depends on Cane variety composition in the area. Cane variety composition in the area. High sugar varieties grown in a large proportion would result in higher recoveries. High sugar varieties grown in a large proportion would result in higher recoveries. Cane varieties to be harvested according to their maturity period. Cane varieties to be harvested according to their maturity period.

20. Cane Variety Composition Chart in Al-Moiz Cane Varieties 2009-10 Area acres % Share 2010-11 Area acres % share 2011-12 Area acres % share CPF-234 6746 28 6173 41 6575 54 CP 77-400 220423443053 HSF-240 297843117305 HSF-242 108215452742 CPF-246 051277 CO-1148 327927220748591777746 Total 45802 35126 38729 Sugar Rec. % 8.39 8.97 9.36

21. Cane Variety Composition Chart in Premier Sugar Mills, Mardan Variety Cane Variety Composition - % area 2009-102010-112011-12 CP 77-400 929697.14 NCO 310 31.740.55 CP 44/101 10.260.08 CP 48/103 10.110.21 CP 51/21 0.290.090.15 Triton 1.840.980.99 MR 93 0.040.170.14 CO 1148 0.180.33 Sugar Rec. % 7.01 8.65 9.70 7.01

22. Cane Variety Composition Chart in Meeran - Zamand Area, During 2009-12 Variety 2009-10 (area acres) % Share 2010-11 (area acres) % Share 2011-12 (area acres) % Share CP 77-400 780 35.90 1012 41.35 1174 38.97 CPF 213 117011751490 SPF 234 647865304667 CPF 237 807571393 HSF 240 378445525200 HSF 242 371769709 CPF 246 02561 Misc. S G 555, SG 79, CP 44-33, CPF 235) 707709598 CO 1148 2516664.092176358.642238161.02 Total 39263 37105 36673 Sugar Rec. % 8.358.388.39

23. Role of Sugarcane Research Institute To evolve new cane varieties to meet the demands of growers and Industry. To evolve new cane varieties to meet the demands of growers and Industry. Testing varietals performance in different ecological conditions. Testing varietals performance in different ecological conditions. Supply of seed to sugar mills farms and cane growers. Supply of seed to sugar mills farms and cane growers.

24. Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad The main Institute working for variety evolution in Punjab. The main Institute working for variety evolution in Punjab. Sindh and KPK are also beneficiaries of its varieties released at Faisalabad. Sindh and KPK are also beneficiaries of its varieties released at Faisalabad. The Institute has tried its best to release varieties with meagre resources The Institute has tried its best to release varieties with meagre resources The varieties evolved in recent Past have the potential to give average recoveries of over 11% The varieties evolved in recent Past have the potential to give average recoveries of over 11% If fully adopted can bring revolution in sugar industry If fully adopted can bring revolution in sugar industry

25. Periodic Sugar Recoveries 0f Cane Varieties at SRI, Faisalabad VarietiesOct.Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.Mar. Average Nov. - Mar CO-1148 6.56.87.28.99.69.88.5 CPF-238 5.86.16.98.18.89.17.8 HSF-240 8.59.210.711.411.612.111.0 HSF-242 9.110.110.611.612.012.311.3 CPF-246 9.911.011.511.812.012.211.7 CPF-247 10.010.510.811.111.712.411.3 CP 77-400 9.310.010.911.311.412.211.1 CPF-237 9.410.410.911.411.912.311.4

26. New Promising Cane Varieties Expected to be Released in Future Variety Periodic Sugar Recover %Average Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr. Nov. - Mar. S2003 - US 633 10.911.2 11.912.7 11.6 S2003-US694 10.811.811.912.412. 611.612.1

27. Evolution of Site Specific Cane Varieties Varieties to be adaptable in different soils types Varieties to be adaptable in different soils types High sugar yielding varieties High sugar yielding varieties Varieties to be tolerant to prevailing diseases Varieties to be tolerant to prevailing diseases Tolerant to prevailing pests Tolerant to prevailing pests Tolerant to biotic stresses Tolerant to biotic stresses Specific for mechanized cultivation Specific for mechanized cultivation

28. Besides all this high level of performance The Institute should have a vigorous germplasm for a regular flow of varieties to meet the demand of sugar industry. The Institute should have a vigorous germplasm for a regular flow of varieties to meet the demand of sugar industry.

29. Germplasm Sources of Variety Evolution at SRI, Faisalabad, (Cronological order) Germplasm Source Varieties Evalued Period Average yield t ha Sugar Rec. % Coimbatore COL 2919547010.10 Col 441954758.93 COL 541963759.63 Barbados BL 191966859.49 BL 419688510.34 Muree L 11619737510.81 L 1181975838.23 IntroductionTriton19838510.10 BarbadosBF 16219909010.35 Introduction CP 43-3319968011.69 CP 72-208619968512.35 CP 77-40019969011.90

30. Germplasm Sources of Variety Evolution at SRI, Faisalabad, (Crondogical order) Germplasm Source Varieties Evalued Period Average yield t ha Sugar Rec. % Brazil SPF 21320009010.50 SPF 234200210611.60 SPF 245200410011.00 Thatta HSF 24020029511.70 HSF 242200610212.50 USA CPF 23720089512.50 CPF 243200610212.55 CPF 246201110512.00 CPF 247201110512.25 USA & Sri LankaNear future IndiaCO 11481975-2005808.50

31. Seedlings Transplanted with Germplasm Source from 1990 to 2011 PeriodSource Seedlings No. 19901991 USA (538), Thatta (11715) USA (538), Thatta (11715) USA (10513), Thatta (7480) USA (10513), Thatta (7480)1225317993 19921993 Th. (23133), Murr. (8) Th. (23133), Murr. (8) Braz. (5255), Murr. (302), Th. (13041) 2314118598 19941995 Braz. (36047), Murr. (639) Braz. (36047), Murr. (639) USA (6259), Th. (1424) USA (6259), Th. (1424)366867683 19961997 Braz. (29547), Murr. (83) Braz. (29547), Murr. (83) --- ---29630--- 199819992000 Braz. (7203), USA (11151) Braz. (7203), USA (11151) Braz. (13381), USA (11058), Murr. (32) Braz. (13381), USA (11058), Murr. (32) USA (14362) USA (14362)183542447114362

32. PeriodSource Seedlings No. 20012002 USA (15958), Th. (1233), Murr. (32) USA (15315), Th. (16365), Murr. (33) 1722631713 20032004 Aust. (7410), USA (2061), Murr. (579) Aust. (2383), USA (13382), Braz. (2558), Murr. (740) 1005019063 20052006 Aust. (6499), USA (1160), Th. (147), Murr. (808) Aust. (1897), Th. (14), Murr. (1) 86141912 20072008 Aust. (311), USA (2338), Maur. (542), Th. (119), Murr. (1115) S. Afr. (1071), Th. (8), Murr. (52) 44251131 20092010 S. Afr. (896) Sri Lanka (6375), Th. (8), Murr. (102) 8966485 Average per annum 15234

33. Selection Pressure in Cane Seedling at Different Cane Breeding Stations Country Cane area (‘000’ha.)Crosses(number) Seedlings per annum Australia391150085,000 Brazil85981477400,000 India44002500300,000 Indonesia49520001,200,000 Mauritius612600100,000 South Africa 3141300180,000 USA3501700300,000 Sri Lanka 141000100,000 Pakistan1031-15,000

34. Cane Variety Selection Program Seedlings raised in exotic status are out come of well planned crossing program. Seedlings raised in exotic status are out come of well planned crossing program. In Pakistan the selection work is based on donation or random purchase without any character in view. In Pakistan the selection work is based on donation or random purchase without any character in view.

35. Future Task Infact neither Government, nor sugar industry has realised the importance of cane breeding program. Infact neither Government, nor sugar industry has realised the importance of cane breeding program. All the fuzz import has been due to efforts of individual researchers. All the fuzz import has been due to efforts of individual researchers. It is not a long term program. It is not a long term program. It is just a time gap arrangement. It is just a time gap arrangement. Our industry is to exist for ever. Our industry is to exist for ever. For its bright future, industry should have its own can breeding station to be established at Thatta. For its bright future, industry should have its own can breeding station to be established at Thatta.

36. To promote growing quality varieties sugar mills should change its cane procurements policy Targets should not be fixed for maximum purchase of certain quantum of cane, it should be rather on production of sugar in a season. This policy would develop a close liasion between cane, chemical and mechanical departments

37. Cane payment system Flat rate on cane irrespective of its quality Flat rate on cane irrespective of its quality It does not encourage to grow quality cane Growers taste was CO 1148, SPF 238. Growers were compelled to eradicate unwanted varieties by un- authorized cut on cane wt/ cane price. It does not encourage to grow quality cane Growers taste was CO 1148, SPF 238. Growers were compelled to eradicate unwanted varieties by un- authorized cut on cane wt/ cane price. Cane payment system need to be linked with cane quality. Cane payment system need to be linked with cane quality. Government Policies

38. –Growers look for their benefits in terms of high cane yield – irrespect of quality Good ratooner. Good ratooner. Well adapted varieties in the region Well adapted varieties in the region Growers have selective response to new lines Growers have selective response to new lines CP77-400, SPF-234, CPF-237, HSF240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, CPF246, 247. CP77-400, SPF-234, CPF-237, HSF240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, CPF246, 247. Response of Growers to Cane Varieties

39. Conclusion Our cane yields and recoveries are one of the lowest in the world The steps taken to improve provincial yields and and recoveries are questioned For about 4-5 decades we dragged on consistently low sugar yields Features of some improvement have been noticed from 1990 onward but to match the progressing world much has yet to be done

40. The agencies involved in cane variety development have been discussed The sugar industry has just waken up showing a little rise in sugar recoveries, but still 30-40% of the mills seem to be immobile Sugarcane Res. Instt. has in near past released very remarkable varieties like CP-400, SPF234 HSF240 and CPF246,their efforts are applaudable---- but the Instt. Lacks ample germplasm for frequent release of site specific varieties Both Govt. and the sugar industry are to be blamed for not establishing self contained Cane Breeding fascilities in Pakistan All the agencies should realize the importance of cane breeding for bright future of ever lasting sugar industry of Pakistan

41. For bright future of ever lasting Sugar Industry the importance of cane breeding has not been realized To assure a bright future long terms measure are earnestly required rather than time gap arrangements