1. International Migration and the Achievement of Africa’s Development GoalsBy
Stephen O. Kwankye & John K. Anarfi
(RIPS, University of Ghana, Legon)
1st October, 2013
UN Conference Centre, UNECA, Addis Ababa

2. Introduction Migration’s role in development acknowledged in ICPD-PoA;
Africans tend to migrate within the continent than to the rest of the world (Adepoju, 2010);
Debate on migration as a brain drain on Africa’s human resources has shifted and now an enabler for inclusive economic and social development (UN, 2012);
The global migrant stock increased from 92m in 1960 to 165m in 2000 and to 215m in 2010 (World Bank, 2011).

3. Research Questions
What are the challenges facing Africa in terms of international migration within and outside the continent both for sending and receiving countries?
What policies are required to institutionally strengthen the knowledge and evidence base in order to secure collection, analysis and dissemination of quality migration data?
What is the potential that international migration can contribute to women’s increased mobility, autonomy and empowerment and what policies are required to check abuses of the rights of migrants throughout the migration process?
What policies are required to mitigate the adverse effects of skilled migration in Africa and to capitalize on the development aspect of international migration?

4. Migration Trends and Patterns
The number of migrants worldwide increased by 15% from 156 million to 178 million;
About 215m people estimated to live in countries other than their birth place (World Bank, 2010);
31m of this number were said to be from Africa and 30% were made up of the youth (Abebe Shimeles, 2010).
The number of migrants is recorded to have increased by 20% ( ) and 38% since 1990.
Migrants formed more than 10% of the total population in the more developed regions in 2010 (it was 7% in 1990) but in Africa, it has been less than two per cent since 1990 although the numbers have increased by 13% in ) with variations by region.

5. Number of International Migrants (millions)
Source: UN DESA, 2013

6. % of Migrant Stock on Total Population, 1990-2010
Source: UN DESA, 2013

7. % Annual Rate of Growth of International Migrant Stock

8. Drivers of Migration in Africa
International migration in Africa can be conceived within the framework of four key drivers:
Economic
Socio-cultural
Environmental and
Political factors
Irrespective of which of these factors is at play, perceived and real global and regional differences in levels of wealth and human development between poorer and richer societies have constituted the main rationale behind people’s quest to migrate.

9. International Migration Challenges for Africa
The emigration of health professionals and other skilled workers from the continent
Irregular and cross-border migration and national security
Xenophobia and human rights abuses
Temporary to long-term brain drain
Increased joblessness in cities and towns and crime wave involving the youth in particular
Acculturation and negative practices that are considered alien to the African tradition
Feminization of migration and its impact on marital stability & family formation
Migration and the spread of some diseases & infections
Increased cost of funerals.

10. Policies to institutionally Strengthen Knowledge and Evidence Base for Migration Data
International migration analysis in Africa suffers from non-availability of current and accurate data
Invest in regular national surveys on migration
Use foreign missions to engage the diaspora in matters related to data collection
Establish centres within research institutions or strengthen existing ones and equip them for data collection
Establish national centres for information provision for potential migrants to make informed decisions.

11. Contribution of International Migration for Women’s Increased Mobility and Empowerment
Increased feminization of migration through increase in female education & skill acquisition;
International migration is breaking traditional barriers that disadvantaged women;
Gender roles are fast changing and it is expected to provide further boost to women’s; empowerment but if not managed well, it could create more single mothers which in turn could affect family formation and child development;
Origin countries should enforce gender-related laws to protect the rights of women regardless of geographical location.

12. Policies to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Skilled Migration in Africa
Engage in bi-lateral agreements for the exchange of both students and professionals;
Institute appropriate mechanisms including effective bonding systems;
Work out a system for a negotiated contribution of earnings of sportsmen abroad towards the development of origin;
Promote and facilitate voluntary or virtual return to benefit from knowledge, skills and technological transfer;
Take measures to reduce the cost of transfer of remittances
Enforce laws on human trafficking & provide social protection & support for victims of trafficking
Integrate concerns about migrant rights in destination countries in all bi-lateral negotiations to protect the rights of all migrants
Adopt comprehensive national migration policies as a matter of priority.

13. Conclusion
As countries in Africa envision harnessing the demographic dividend set in motion by on-going demographic transitions in many of the countries, patterns and trends in international migration will be a key development planning issue.
Reaping the benefits will, however, depend on how Africa manages international migration within and outside the region through the adoption and effective implementation of comprehensive policy actions in addressing the challenges while maximising the benefits for its development.