2. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit 1.7Is it rational to choose to live in choose to live in hazard-prone areas? hazard-prone areas?

3. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit Tsunami 2004 Indonesia Tsunami 2004 Indonesia Before the tsunami After the tsunami over 150,000 deaths Banda Aceh, Indonesia (Credit: UNESCO)

4. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit Montserrat in the Caribbean Volcanic eruption 1997 Montserrat Volcanic eruption 1997 Montserrat 23 deaths Buried much of the southern part of the island

5. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit Pamirs Himalayas Earthquake 1998 Afghanistan Earthquake 1998 Afghanistan over 4,000 deaths The Himalayan area Direction of plate movement

6. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit It is dangerous to live in hazard- prone areas. Why do people live in hazard- prone areas? Are their decisions rational? What is a rational decision? A rational person will consider whether possible gains are greater than possible losses, for both staying and leaving. Possible gains and losses of leaving Possible gains and losses of staying behind Since people weigh gains and losses differently, the final decision to move or stay is a subjective one.

7. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit What is a rational decision? Leave? Secure new job Re-establish social links

8. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit What is a rational decision? Stay? Reduce future lossRestore productivity Take out insurance Reduce vulnerability Move to hazard- proof structure in the same area Change the way of living Rebuild home or business Exploit new resources

9. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit What do people consider when deciding to stay or leave hazard-prone areas? Leave? Stay? 1 Risks 2 Opportunities 3 Social links 4 Limitations on migrations

10. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit Are people’s decisions rational? Leave? Stay? This depends on their subjective but careful evaluation of... the perceived risk of hazards happening in the area the possible gains if one leaves the hazard-prone area the possible gains from the opportunities offered by tectonic processes the possible losses if one leaves the hazard-prone area

11. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit

12. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit 1Risks The perception of the risk of hazards varies greatly among people. What make the perceptions of people different? Education level Past experience One’s character Religious background

13. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit Unaware of hazards and their history It is useless to avoid hazard as it is an ‘act of God’ Leave, as it is too dangerous to stay It is improbable for a hazard to strike the same place twice Overlook the risk when the hazard has not occurred for a long time Believing the government can provide protection, warning, evacuation and relief work 1Risks

14. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit 2Opportunities People choose to live in tectonic hazard-prone areas since internal processes bring job opportunities and wealth to them. There is intense heat below the earth’s surface. What kind of power can it generate? The hot water and steam found in volcanic areas can be used to generate ___________ power. It is renewable and clean. Therefore it is a more preferred energy resource. geothermal Electricity generated by geothermal power in Iceland AGeothermal power (Credit: Gerth/Blickwinkel)

15. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit 2Opportunities AGeothermal power Primary energy consumption in Iceland, 1940-2006 Source: and Statistics Iceland Geothermal power becomes the primary energy resource in Iceland

16. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit 2Opportunities BMetals and minerals When magma cools and solidifies below the earth’s surface, it forms rocks containing _______ and _________. metals minerals Many metals and minerals have economic value to people, for example, iron ore and diamonds. Manganese mineral (Credit: McPHOTO/Blickwinkel)

17. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit 2Opportunities BMetals and minerals World distribution of major metals and precious stones Which mineral is more commonly found at plate boundaries?

18. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit 2Opportunities CFertile soil Farmland at the foothill of Mount Mayon in the Philippines Volcanic ash is rich in minerals. They provide ________ for crop growth and attract farmers. nutrients Weathering of solidified ____ produce fertile soil. lava (Credit: Paul A. Souders/Corbis)

19. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit 2Opportunities DTourist attractions Many volcanic areas and areas with folds and faults are scenic spots. Mount Fuji, Japan Mount Fuji in Japan is a well-known volcanic area with beautiful scenery The Alps are famous fold mountains in the world The Alps

20. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit (Credit: Reuters/OTHK) 2Opportunities DTourist attractions ___________ and ________ are both flows of hot water coming from underground to the surface in volcanic areas. Hot springs geysers A hot spring in Japan The water from hot springs usually contains minerals and are said to be good to our health A geyser at Yellowstone National Park, the USA Developing these scenic spots provide job opportunities, higher incomes and a better living standard to local people. Geysers are spectacular natural fountains. They flow intermittently in jets of hot water or steam (Credit: Jeff Henry/Corbis)

21. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit 3Social links Strong ties to one’s motherland and ancestors prevent people from moving away. People have strong feelings for their friends and relatives, and their own culture. The weakening of the social bond is considered a great loss. People have strong social bond in their hometown (Credit: Ng Kim Hung)

22. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit 4Limitations on migrations APolitical barriers There are strict population and immigration policies for every country. Migration is not free among countries, or sometimes even within a country.

23. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas? Quit BPhysical constraints Desert landscape: too _____ dry Polar landscape: too ______ cold Tropical rainforest landscape: too _____ wet Mountain landscape: too ________ rugged Many places are free from tectonic hazards, but why are they sparsely populated?