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Published byImogene Ward Modified over 9 years ago
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From Pearl Harbor to Manzanar
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This is No Drill Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese Imperial Navy bombs Pearl Harbor, home of the Pacific fleet Japanese navy only 450 kilometers from Hawaii Dec. 8, 1941: FDR asks for a declaration of war from Congress Congress gives vast war-making powers to the President “day which will live in infamy” result of poor communication and underestimation of the Japanese military capability
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Public Response to Pearl Harbor Shock, indignation: Pearl Harbor deemed a sneak attack-not war by “gentlemen’s rules” How did we let this one get by? In addition to patriotism and unity, rioting, looting, harassment, propaganda, anger, hysteria
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Demonizing the Enemy
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Propaganda Methods Stereotyping Substitution of names Transfer: connection between something valued/hated and idea being discussed Selection of simple facts Repetition Assertion Appeals to values: authority, patriotism
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Did racism make internment possible? Pre WWII racism toward people of Japanese descent made internment possible 1905: Asiatic Exclusion League--SF Japanese farm laborers often deported from towns by vigilante groups-Turlock, CA 1921 1922 Ozawa Case in USSC: Issei can’t become naturalized citizens on basis of race: ban lasts until 1952 1924 anti-immigration signed by Coolidge- effectively ends Japanese immigration
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The Nikkei Nikkei--Four generations of people of Japanese ancestry living in America Issei-1st generation-born in Japan Nisei---2nd generation, raised in the US for the most part-- Japanese and American in culture (Kibei--Nisei who return to Japan) Sansei--3rd Generation, some born in the internment camps, but too little to remember--have tried to reetablish link with this tragedy Yonsei--children of the Sansei Issei Volunteer for US Army 1918
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FDR and Japanese-Americans Executive Order 9066-Feb. 19, 1942 Executive Order 9102-Mar. 18-establishes WRA FDR declares West Coast a “war theater” 110,000 forcibly “interned” to 10 locations in 7 states families given 48 hrs. to dispose of belongings if sold, most received only about 5% of value of possessions 1/3 Issei, 2/3 Nisei
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Internment Camps
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LEAVING HOME
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Japanese Farms in California and Internment Policy
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Life in Manzanar
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Attitudes about Internment FDR: Oct. 1942--refers to “relocation centers” as “concentration camps” Relocation deemed“necessary” as states refused to accept Japanese Military/Society –Japanese-Americans seen as potential spies Entertainment: “ Little Tokyo, USA”-20th Century Fox--all Issei and Nisei are seen as “volunteer spies” Japanese are the only ethnic group singled out for internment during WWII in America--not Italian or German Americans Business/labor: –opportunity to take out the competition
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Internment and the Constitution Korematsu vs. US Supreme Court rules internment Constitutional –Court could not second-guess military decisions –but once loyalty was established, then you couldn’t hold the person –(by then, the camps were being closed down )
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The Camps up Close Assembly Centers- temporary camps from winter to fall of ‘42 Relocation Centers: permanent camps Dry, arid conditions-- fit for toxic waste disposal today
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Gila River, AZ Manzanar, CA Two Issei playing Go at Poston Relocation Center Nisei US Soldier visiting family
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What were the results? Greatest violation of civil liberties on the homefront $105 million of farmland lost $500 million in yearly income, plus uncalculated personal savings No act of sabotage proved March ‘46: camps closed 1981-83: CWRIC- Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians 1988 Official govt. apology + reparations 1990: $20,000 to each internee
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