1. Suburban v Rural Eastern Screech Owls in Texas: Nested earlier (urban heat island) Larger clutches (more food) More and larger fledglings (food and low predation) More recruits into population Higher fitness

2. (McKinney 2002 BioScience 52:883-890)

3. Controlling Sprawl Sprawl is a strong driver of the urban footprint –results in loss, fragmentation, and degradation of habitat –increases energy use –increases pollution from commuting Growth Management is needed to control it –Limits most future growth inside Urban Growth Boundary –May just displace the problem if regional planning is not incorporated (leapfrogging)

4. Growth Management Act - King County Comprehensive Plan

5. Clustered subdivision has smaller lots higher density of homes majority of the site left as open space Gillham 2002 Subdivision Planning standardclustered

6. Wildlife Conservation in Urban Areas 1. Preserve large areas of habitat  the area, numbers, and connectivity of reserves should be maximized  buffers should be maintained around reserves  the amount of edge and degree of fragmentation within reserves should be minimized  the scale of reserve planning should be expanded beyond the local area to include entire watersheds and bioregions (Marzluff and Ewing 2001)

7. Wildlife Conservation in Urban Areas 2. Enhance habitat locally Retain as much natural habitat as possible (especially new housing) Plant native plants, fruit- producing exotics Retain understory and snags Minimize lawn cover

8. 3. Provide essential resources:  Places to breed (nest boxes, platforms, trees)  Feeding stations (squirrels, birds)  Water  Cover (vegetation) 4. Provide protection from domestic predators control dog and cat behavior Wildlife Conservation in Urban Areas

9. 5. Reduce accidental mortality: Birds crashing into windows 3.5 million birds/yr Birds hitting buildings, towers, etc. 1.5 million birds/yr Avoid planting fruit-bearing plants/trees next to highways Clean bird feeders frequently (Salmonella) Wildlife Conservation in Urban Areas

10. 6. Support urban planning initiatives and education Clustered development Growth management Open space preservation Wildlife Conservation in Urban Areas

11. Urban Ecology Traditional view: ‘Natural’ ecosystems impacted by humans Abiotic & Biotic Components HUMANS

12. Urban Ecosystems Urban Ecology view (one version): Added layers: start with natural ecosystems (biophysical template) built (physical) systems social systems Abiotic & Biotic Built systems Social systems

13. URBAN ECOLOGY Brings together ecology of nature and ecology of humans in the urban environment. City as a dynamic organism, composed of multiple systems that interact across different scales with varying intensities. Requires interdisciplinary approach.

14. Alberti & Marzluff (2005)

16. Impacts of 2 nd home development M. Kondo, R. Rivera & S.Rullman Land conversion in exurban and rural areas has become the nation’s dominant mode of land development In areas with particular key natural amenities, second homes may be a significant part of this land conversion Much of the second home development occurs in areas that are ecologically sensitive and high in native biodiversity Second homes create an increase in the number of households and may lead to more complex ecological consequences than simply the space they occupy

17. Washington State Counties

18. Spatial Analysis Results Common Themes in Both Case Study Counties: Open space resources drive second home location (shorelines, public land) Unique Characteristics of Case Study Counties: Okanogan –Small parcels more prone to second home development –Second home location driven by aesthetic rather than recreational preferences San Juan –Ferry access less important to second home owners than primary –Steep slopes prone to second home development

19. Interview Findings Maintain strong ties to the metropolitan area Escape & privacy strong drivers* Yet “community” in area of second home also a strong driver for many Design/build or landscape management opportunities Seeking and maintaining an ideal image or “myth” -looking for unchanging and constant landscape -maintain the character of the area

20. Low (0-2) Medium (3-5) High (6-12) Walkability Low High NDVI Walkable Destinations and NDVI 1 mile Greenspace, neighborhood walkability, and resident health: J. Tilt, T. Unfried & B. Rocca

21. NDVI, BMI and Walkability Low NDVI, High WalkabilityHigh NDVI, High Walkability

22. Conclusions Destinations within walking distance from homes Walking Trips Vegetation BMINDVI Subjective Greenness

23. Using Predicted Land Cover Change to Predict Changes in Biodiversity in the Central Puget Sound, Washington, USA Jeffrey Hepinstall, Marina Alberti, John Marzluff University of Washington

24. Integrated Conceptual Model of Coupled Natural-Human Systems Demographic, Markets, And Development Behaviors UrbanSimParcel Agents and Mechanisms Computational Models Bird Abundance / Species Richness Model Ecological Processes Patch Land Use/ Land Cover Interactions Land Cover Change Model Pixel Focal Unit

25. Pixel probabilities of land cover transition Monte Carlo Simulations Predicted Land Cover Time 3 Observed Land Cover Time 3 Predicting Landscape Change Land Cover Time 1 Land Cover Time 2 Multinomial Logit equations of Land cover transitions Explanatory Variables (n = 68)

26. Native Forest Seattle Cascade Foothills Land Cover conversions to: -Clearcut forest -Low & Medium Intensity Urban

27. Forest Functionality: A three-dimensional approach using bird richness, home values, and resident satisfaction Dave Oleyar* John Withey Andrew Bjorn Adrienne Greve

28. Economic : extraction income, increased property valuesEconomic : extraction income, increased property values Social : recreation and other direct uses, viewshed, psychological and physical health benefitsSocial : recreation and other direct uses, viewshed, psychological and physical health benefits Ecological : biodiversity protection, wildlife habitat, ecosystem servicesEcological : biodiversity protection, wildlife habitat, ecosystem services Forests are Valued in many ways….

29. How do economic, social, and ecological functions interact with each other in an urbanizing area?How do economic, social, and ecological functions interact with each other in an urbanizing area? Different Stakeholders Value Different Forest Functions Study area is King County, WA

30. Urban Gradient URBAN GRADIENT SCORE High Low Population Density (-0.817) Distance to nearest forest patch (-0.753) % Forest (0.871) Size of nearest forest patch (0.709)

31. Linking results to common framework (gradient)Linking results to common framework (gradient) Examine relative tradeoffs among different functionsExamine relative tradeoffs among different functions Integrating results

32. Identify areas of interest- divergence, convergenceIdentify areas of interest- divergence, convergence Integrating results ‘Urban’‘Suburban’ ‘Exurban’

33. AB C Locations and examples of on the ground locations of gradient segments. ‘Urban’ ‘Suburban’ ‘Exurban’

34. Wildlife Science Paper: Due next Thursday, 12 November 2009. Questions???

35. In case you are interested in learning more about current studies of wolf/elk dynamics, Dr. Scott Creel from Montana State Univ. is giving a talk today at 400 in the Biology Dept Seminar: Behavioral, Ecological, Physiological and Demographic Responses of Elk to Wolves Location: Physics-Astronomy A102 See the below link for more details : http://www.biology.washington.edu/index.html?navID=34&q tr=aut