1. EUROPE

2. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
Western extremity of Eurasia
Lingering world influence
High degrees of specialization
Manufacturing dominance
Urbanized population
High standards of living

3. REGIONS OF THE REALM Western Europe British Isles
Northern (Nordic) Europe
Mediterranean Europe
Eastern Europe
See pg 64

4. PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES Alpine System Western Uplands Central Uplands
North European Lowland
See pg 44

5. RELATIVE LOCATION At the heart of the land hemisphere
Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world
Every part of Europe is close to the sea.
Navigable waterways
Moderate distances

6. RELATIVE LOCATION

7. AGRARIAN REVOLUTION Began in Europe in the 1750s
Based on new agricultural innovations
Enabled increased food production
Enabled sustained population increase

8. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Developed in the UK between
Led to Colonialism
Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry
Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization

9. SPATIAL INTERACTION Movement across geographic space
Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas
Principles
Complementarity
Transferability
Intervening opportunity

10. COMPLEMENTARITY Germany Italy
Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.
Germany
Italy

11. COMPLEMENTARITY

12. TRANSFERABILITY
The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
Rivers, mountain passes/tunnels, road networks are very good in Europe
Advances in transportation technology
Europe’s small size an advantage

13. into Italy than German beer?
INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY
The presence of a nearer source of supply
or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Would Austrian beer
be cheaper to import
into Italy than German beer?

14. URBAN TRADITION Urbanization – see world map (next slide)
Related concepts
Metropolis – central city & its suburban ring. See La Defense, pg 53.
CBD – downtowns Europe, oldest parts and usually in the middle of the city; skyscrapers & most prestigious residences.
Primate cities, see next slides

15. POPULATION DENSITY EUROPE
Population Density: 256 persons per square mile
Urbanization: 75% overall (when East & West are combined)

16. Older Core or Central City Outer Suburban City
METROPOLITAN COMPLEXES
Older Core or
Central City
Outer Suburban City
A Metropolis is the central city and its suburban ring. Suburbs of Europe are more concentrated with population and people live more in apartments than in single family houses.

17. PRIMATE CITIES A country’s largest city Jefferson’s criteria:
Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size
In Europe, they are esp. expressive of the national culture
Usually (but not always) the capital
Examples: Paris, London, Athens, etc – many on list of cities on pg 53.

18. EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
Similarities:
Central core
Suburban ring
But European has a Greenbelt

19. EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
Differences:
High suburban density
Apartments
Public transportation
Land scarcity
Centralized urban planning

20. EUROPE’S POPULATION IMPLOSION
Falling share of the world’s population
Fertility at an all-time low e.g. Germany, Italy, etc.
Fewer young people
Smaller working age population
Immigration partially offsetting losses

21. Supranationalism A venture involving three or more states
Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. See next slide.
New “Euro”Currency, adopted in 2002 (pg 57)

22. European Supranationalism
EU – 1991, but actually dating back to 1958 (then called EEC).
EU Members, pg 58.
Non-members
Prospective
Members

23. Supranationalism Problems
Loss of autonomy
Disparities in levels of economic development, esp. btw East & West.
Cultural barriers

24. What does the future hold for Europe? Unification? Instability?
Especially in light of the creation of new States, see map, pg 58