1. Key Issue 4

2. A: p.420-421 Central Business District Retail Services in the CBD Retail Services with High Threshold Retail Services with a High Range

3. Services of all types historically cluster in the center of the city. It is often the most visually distinctive area of a city and traditionally the sight of the first settlement. It is compact, but has a large percentage of the shops. Central Business District

4. Three types of retail services concentrate in the center and they are long range shops, high threshold shops, and shops that serve people who work in the center. Retail Services in the CBD

5. Shops with high thresholds are usually in the center of the town Large department stores are usually clustered across the street from each other The intersection of these clusters are referred to as the 100% corner Retail Services with High Threshold

6. Usually very specialized Customers patronize it infrequently Prefer central locations Retail Services with a High Range

7. Do you think that the more rural areas will be making the transition to central business districts? What are some different types of high range shops and why they would prefer that centralized location? What makes the central business districts so attractive? Questions

8. B: p422-423 Retail Services & Business Services High Land Costs in the CBD

9. Office Supplies Dry Cleaning Clothing Businesses

10. Butchers Supermarkets Bakeries CBD’s Outside of North America

11. Shops for nearby office workers in CBD b/c # of downtown office workers also Although total # of sales = stable, but patterns of demand has changed In order to increase & revitalize other retailers, they will ban motorcycles for more pedestrian friendly shopping centers

12. Offices are CENTRALLY located to facilitate rapid communication Central locations = employment of workers from a variety of neighborhoods Central locations are ACCESSABLE Businesses depend on PROXIMITY to professional colleagues

13. Many professionals still prefer FACE TO FACE contact Establishes TRUST based on shared professional values

14. QUESTIONS?

15. C: p.424 Intensive Land Use Skyscrapers Maria, Jennifer, and Chadai

16. Intensive Land Use The central area in a city uses more space below and above ground level. “Underground cities” are put underneath central areas like garages, subways and utility lines. Underground areas shield pedestrians from motor vehicles and harsh weather conditions

17. Skyscrapers High-rise structures have become economically feasible due to demand for space in central city Gives the city a distinctive and unifying symbol The first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1880s The first skyscrapers had to be modified with artificial lighting, ventilation, central heating and AC.

18. Skyscrapers Waste a lot of energy by building skyscrapers and complaints with skyscrapers may return. D.C. is the only large CBD without skyscrapers because buildings cannot be higher than the capitol.

19. Skyscrapers Too many skyscrapers next to each other causes traffic build up and prevents sunlight from streaming naturally on streets. Enacted zoning ordinances to control location and height

20. Discussion Questions What does the typical underground city include? What are the disadvantages of skyscrapers? When was the first skyscraper built? What were the changes made to it?

21. D: p.424-425 Declining Manufacturing in the CBD Lack of Residents in CBDs European CBDs

22. Declining Manufacturing in the CBD Major manufacturing has moved out of the central cities to just outside the city limits. In Paris jobs decreased from 500,000 to 100,000 in a mere 30 years

23. Declining Manufacturing in the CBD (continued) Many major cities have now developed thei industrial districts into tourist attraction and urban epicenters. This is especially common in North America, with cities like Toronto, San Francisco, Baltimore, and Boston

24. Lack of Residents in CBDs Many people have been lured out of downtown areas to the suburbs due to more space, less crime, and better living in general. People were also pushed out of downtown areas due to high rents.

25. Lack of Residents in CBDs (continued) In U.S. cities the population has increased by about 10% due to the construction of new apartment buildings and other residential areas. Downtown areas appeal to empty nesters.

26. European CBDs Many European cities have limited development to keep historic values

27. Questions Why have urban CBDs decreased? What are the pros and cons of a downtown area? What is the difference between American cities and European cities and their approach to post urban CBDs?

28. BY Lucas Setra and Sydney Harper

29. Businesses Businesses have moved to suburbs due to low land costs and a closer proximity to customers.

30. Retail… The key to a successful large shopping mall is an anchor, such as a large department store or supermarket. They attract the most business and can keep the mall afloat.

31. Retail Downtown sales have stagnated because suburban residents won’t make such a long journey. Retailing is now more concentrated in suburban shopping malls. Larger malls contain department stores and specialty shops that are traditionally reserved for the CBD. Malls have become centers for activity in suburban areas that lack other types of community facilities.

32. Factories Factories and warehouses have migrated to suburban areas due to cheaper land, more space, and better truck access. The space is needed for all the machinery and equipment that is build over a single level. Suburban locations allow for truck shipments with good access main highways and no high traffic congestion.

33. Offices Offices that do require face to face contact have moved to suburbs due to cheaper rent than in the CBD. For some employees, suburban locations are difficult to work in because they don’t have public transportation.

34. Questions What is the key to a successful shopping mall? An anchor! Why have factories moved to the suburbs? More space. Cheaper land, and accessibility! Why is it working in an office located in the suburbs difficult? They lack public transportation!