1. Noritake NISHIDE Director General Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) JMA’s Operations for Mega-Disasters - Tsunami Warnings as an example 1

2. 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png The background of mega disasters in Japan The background of mega disasters in Japan - Earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions - Earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions - Tropical cyclones - Tropical cyclones Hypocenter determined by JMA in 2010: about 128,000 (approx.350/day)

3. Tsunami Warnings on March 11, 2011 and Tsunami Warnings on March 11, 2011 and the improvements after the tsunami the improvements after the tsunami Observed Tsunami （ height ） Distribution of JMA Seismic Intensity Date and Time: 11 March 2011 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) Magnitude: 9.0 (the largest earthquake recorded in Japan) Hypocenter: N38.1, E142.9 Depth 24km (130km ESE off Ojika Peninsula) 7 (Max) Kurihara City （ Miyagi Pref. ） 8.5m or higher at Miyako (Iwate Pref.) 8.0m or higher at Ofunato (Iwate Pref.) 9.3m or higher at Soma (Fukushima Pref.) 3

4. 3 m 6 m Numbers represent forecasted maximum tsunami heights Tsunami Warnings/Advisories 4

5. 1st Update 3 6 m 6 over 10 m Tsunami Warnings/Advisories 5

6. 2nd Update 6 over 10 m over 10 m Tsunami Warnings/Advisories 6

7. This was the optimal response possible with the system used at the time in terms of science and technology However, death and missing reached 20,000 Based on lessons learned from the disaster, JMA improved its tsunami warning operations JMA improved its tsunami warning operations 7

8. Observe very long-period seismic wave by broadband strong motion data (80 sites) Improvements in tsunami warning operations Broadband Strong Motion Meter Qualitative expression Offshore Tsunami Meter 3 DART buoys off the Tohoku coast Intensify offshore observation network in cooperation with relevant organizations Pressure sensors (JMA, ERI, JAMSTEC) GPS tsunami meter (PHB) DONET (JAMSTEC), S-net (NIED) Detail will be given at the Public Forum on 18 March 8

9. JMA's staff managed to issue initial Tsunami Warnings within around 3 minutes after the earthquake occurrence, in a strongly shaken operation room. Mega disasters are relatively rare. Advantage of JMA’s operations - positive side of Tsunami Warnings on March 11 - JMA issues earthquake information every day (~ 2,000 felt earthquakes/year; 5 times if imperceptible quakes are included) - JMA conducts periodic drills for mega disasters based on various scenarios. - JMA engages in multi-hazard operations covering the whole process, observations  data analyses  forecasts  warning issuances  cancellations therefore, it can make a professional decision in timely and appropriate manner putting all factors together 9

10. Disaster prevention operation schemes and JMA’s role 10

11. Goals ・ Prevention and mitigation of natural disasters ・ Safety of transportation ・ Development and prosperity of industry ・ Improvement of public welfare Missions ・ Observation of natural phenomena ・ Provision of information (forecasts and warnings) ・ Promoting utilization of information JMA’s missions and goals Services SKY GROUNDOCEAN Satellite UV Weather Heat-Island Photochemical Smog Yellow Sand Volcano Landslide Flood Earthquake (Long-term) Climate CO 2 (Global Warming) El Niño/La Niña Storm Surge Wind Wave Oceanographic -Condition Sea Level Change Tsunami 11

12. JMA is responsible in warning issuances in various fields such as weather warnings, marine warnings, tsunami warnings, volcanic warnings... For the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, JMA issued - Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) - Tsunami Warning / Advisory JMA adjusted - Heavy Rain Warnings for increased risk of sediment disaster - Heavy Rain Warnings for increased risk of flooding and inundation - Criteria of Storm Surge Warning due to land subsidence …… Advantage of JMA’s multi-hazard operations 12

13. Including daily exercise in the SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) of relevant disaster management organizations (ideally as a real duty) Proper operations even at a sudden huge disaster occurrence e.g. the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 Suggestion towards the reduction of the potential risk and impact of mega disasters and impact of mega disasters 13

14. Thank you 14