1. Chapters 14 & 15 1.Fourth Conjugation continued 2.Perfect Tense continued 3.Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tenses 4.More Uses of the Accusative (Degree and Extent)

2. 1. The fourth conjugation The four conjugations 1 errōerrāreerrāvīerrātus 2 videōvidērevīdīvīsus 3 3-iō vincō fugiō vincere fugere vīcī fūgī victus — 4 veniōvenīrevēnīventus

3. 1. The fourth conjugation IMPERFECT 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 3 rd -iō4 th amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis amābant habēbam habēbās habēbat habēbāmus habēbātis habēbant vincēbam vincēbās vincēbat vincēbāmus vincēbātis vincēbant cupiēbam cupiēbās cupiēbat cupiēbāmus cupiēbātis Cupiēbant veniēbam veniēbās veniēbat veniēbāmus veniēbātis veniēbant FUTURE 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 3 rd -iō4 th amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis amābunt habēbō habēbis habēbit habēbimus habēbitis habēbunt vincam vincēs vincet vincēmus vincētis vincent cupiam cupiēs cupiet cupiēmus cupiētis cupient veniam veniēs veniet veniēmus veniētis venient

4. 2. The Perfect Tense Again The Old and the New: 1 st Conjugation Perfect Active Indicative and 3 rd Conjugation Perfect Active Indicative CIL 6.12013, 7–10; By Roman Hands n.48: studia amāvī, obsequens magistrīs fuī, observāvī parentōrum praecepta, meōs amīcōs coluī Studium, -ī, n. Study Obsequens, obsequentis, adj. Obedient (+ dat) Magister, magistrī, m. Teacher Observō, observāre, observāvī, observātus, to pay attention to, heed Parens, parentis, m/fparent parentōrum is an error for the correct genitive plural parentum Praeceptum, -ī, n.Rule, instruction Colō, colere, coluī, cultusto cultivate

5. 2. 3 rd and 4 th conjugation Perfect Active Indicatives 1 st conj.2 nd conj.3 rd conj.3 rd conj. –iō4 th amāvīhabuīvīcīfūgīinvēnī amāvistīhabuistīvīcistīfūgistīinvēnistī Amāvithabuitvīcitfūgitinvēnit amāvimushabuimusvīcimusfūgimusInvēnimus amāvistishabuistisvīcistisfūgistisinvēnistis amāvērunt/ amāvēre habuērunt/ habuēre vīcērunt/ vīcēre fūgērunt/ fūgēre invēnērunt/ invēnēre

6. 2. 3 rd and 4 th conjugation Perfect Active Indicatives 3 rd conj.3 rd conj. –iō4 th vīcīfūgīinvēnī vīcistīfūgistīinvēnistī vīcitfūgitinvēnit vīcimusfūgimusinvēnimus vīcistisfūgistisinvēnistis vīcērunt/ vīcēre fūgērunt/ fūgēre invēnērunt/ invēnēre Notes: 3rd principal part is the 1 st person, singular, perfect active indicative Drop the –ī and you have the stem. No difference between 3 rd and 3 rd -iō in the perfect or any other tenses Endings are the same as the endings for the 1 st and 2 nd conjugations Macrons distinguish fūgit, invēnimus, and other forms from similar forms in the present. Fūgit (perfect) vs. Fugit (present), etc.

7. 3. The Pluperfect Pluperfect: actions completed in the past (time prior to the perfect) CIL 8.8567, 1; By Roman Hands n.51 (modified): Gaudia, quae dederat, rapuit Fortūna subitō Gaudium, -ī, n. Joy, pleasure Quae: relative pronoun in neuter accusative plural, which

8. 3. And the Future Perfect Future Perfect: an action completed in the future (as opposed to the simple future, whose actions are simply described with no notion of completion) CIL 15.7194; By Roman Hands n.50 (modified): Fūgī. Tenē mē. Cum revocāveris mē dominō meō Zoninō, accipiēs solidum. Cum: when Revocō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus: to bring back Dominus, -ī, m. Master Zoninus: a name Accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus: to receive

9. 3. The Pluperfect and Future Perfect Pluperfect: Perfect stem + era/erā + ending 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th amāv-era-m amāv-erā-s … habu-era-m habu-erā-s … vic-era-m vic-erā-s … invēn-era-m invēn-erā-s … person endings all finite verbs except the perfect -ō/-m -s -t -mus -tis -nt Future Perfect: Perfect stem + er/eri + ending 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th amāv-er-ō amāv-eri-s … habu-er-ō habu-eri-s … vic-er-ō vic-eri-s … invēn-er-ō invēn-eri-s … Hint: pluperfect marker+ending is the same as the imperfect of sum Hint: future perfect marker+ending is the same as the future of sum, except for the 3 rd person plural (-erint vs. erunt)

10. 3. Ways of talking about the past  Romani vincēbant suōs hostēs.  …were conquering/began to conquer/conquered/etc. …  Romani vīcērunt suōs hostēs.  … conquered/have conquered …  Romani vīcerant suōs hostēs.  … had conquered …

11. 3. Talking about the future  Lēgatus rapiet aurum ē prōvinciā.  … will seize …  Lēgatus rapuerit aurum ē prōvinciā.  … will have seized …

12. 4. Accusative of Extent and Degree Measurements of space Ambulāvimus vīgintī pedēs. Rōma iter abest. … fossās quīndecim pedēs lātās … Note: no preposition needed, though it will appear with per pēs=foot, pedēs=feet; mille passus=mile, mīllia passuum=miles This accusative denotes the object through or over which the action takes place.

13. 4. Accusative of Extent and Degree Nihil hās litterās intellegimus. Dux mīlitem tantum laudāvit. Common Accusative of Degree phrases: Magnam partem for a great part Maximam partem for the most part Multum much, a lot Nihil not at all Plūrimum very much Quantum how much, as much Quid to what extent Sōlum only Tantum so much, only (so much) In many cases, the force of the Accusative of Degree is adverbial, especially if an substantive adjective is used.

14. 4. Accusative of Extent in the Aeneid Arma virumque canō, Trōiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs Ītaliam, fātō profugus, Lāvīniaque vēnit lītora, multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō vī superum saevae memorem Iūnōnis ob īram. I sing of arms and a man, who first from the shores of Troy, Fleeing fate, came to Italy and Lavinian shores, That man tossed about much on land and sea By the violence of the gods on account of the unforgetting anger of savage Juno.