1. Integrating Biogeophysics into a Hydrogeology Course Teaching Hydrogeology, Soils, and Low-T Geochemistry in the 21st Century University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM June 4-9, 2013 Todd Halihan, Ph.D., P.Gp. Oklahoma State University / Aestus, LLC

2. 1. Not training a geophysicist, training interpreter 2. Some things don’t work everywhere 3. Electrical methods probably most useful and teachable 4. QA/QC protocols 5. Data Integration is key (evidence-based)

3. You gotta be kidding: 10,000 wells Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, MA The Problem

4. The Solution: Scan First X-ray of Skull 3-D Seismic Image of Oil Reservoir

5.  Geophysical data can provide dense datasets as a framework for other samples  Students can understand variability and scale issues

6. 56 small electrode stakes 2 - 4 images per day Image size = 5L:1D Setting Up The “Camera ”

7. Typical Electrical Properties (Resistivity in ohm-meters) Salt Water Clay/Silt Sand/Rock Dissolved Phase Free/Residual NAPLs Bioactivity Less Electrically Resistive (More Electrically Conductive) More Electrically Resistive (Less Electrically Conductive)

8. ERI of a dry Oklahoma granite (point data)

9. Picture of wet Oklahoma sand (line data)

10. ← Granite Sandstones→ Dailey, 2011

11. modified from Harvey et al, 2009 Saline? Marsh

12. Resistive, FRESH Conductive, DEGRADED Modified from Che Alota et al, 2009

13. Fresh ResistorDegraded Conductor

14. Evidence-based Data Integration: Boones’ Dry Cleaners, Jackson, TN

15.  dry cleaners ~ 1945 to 1977 – TCE and PCE  welding shop until 2003 when a tornado destroyed the building  A mixture of corn syrup, Simple Green, and vegetable oil was injected into a series of wells every 2 weeks between May - August 2002  A one time injection of soybean oil was made in Dec 2002  Soil excavated from the source area - 2004. Pit was sprayed with sodium lactate before being filled  Aestus scanned site - April 2009 Solvent Site History

17. Injection Hydraulics, Microbial Ecology

19. DNAPL degradation, Microbial Effects

20. Depth Slices for Injection Evaluation Vadose Zone Phreatic Zone

21. Can set up range of exercises, either alone or sequentially 1. How to sample DNAPL impacted area 2. Effects of mixed waste plume on chemistry 3. Biogeochemistry of impacted sites 4. Hydraulics of injection remediation

22. Questions?