1. Jacksonian Democracy

2. Personality ► “Old Hickory” ► From Tennessee frontier ► Doer – not thinker  Invasion of Fla: 1817 ► Decisive ► Temper ► Hero – romantic figure

3. Election of 1824 Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] William H. Crawford [GA]

4. Results of the 1824 Election

5. Election of 1828 ► JQA v. Jackson ► Corrupt Bargain  Jackson appears virtuous ► Mudslinging  Jackson ► home wrecker ► murderer  Adams ► pimp ► frivolous spender

6. 1828 Election Results

7. Jacksonian Democracy ► Worth of the common man  Equal opportunity to succeed  Made it cool to be common ► Gov’t should not create special advantages ► States rights ► Strict interpretation of the Constitution ► Union was a permanent entity

8. Jacksonian v. Jeffersonian Democracy ► After Jefferson: All Dem-Rep Presidents ► Birth of Democratic Party ► Differences  Education required for effective decision making ► Jefferson: YesJackson: No  Jefferson: OK to be a common man  Jackson: Glorified the common man (mediocrity was a virtue) ► Capable of uncommon things ► Rotation in Office

9. King Andrew I ► Weak federal gov’t but a strong presidency  Reshapes it ► Representative of the will of the American people  Ignored Supreme Court and Congress  Veto use  Rules on constitutionality

10. Spoils System ► Reward political supporters  Remove JQA’s guys ► “To the victor goes the spoils” ► Seen as democratic, but also allowed him to control Presidency ► Kitchen Cabinet

11. Retrenchment and Reform ► Retrenchment (reduce expenses)  Eliminate federal deficit  Threat to liberty  Done by 2 nd term ► Reform  Remove corruption from gov’t  Kickbacks with government contracts  They were a threat to democracy

12. Crises ► Peggy Eaton Affair ► Nullification Crisis ► The National Bank War ► Indian Removal

13. Peggy Eaton Affair ► John Eaton – Sec of War  Married Peggy Timberlake – commoner ► Eatons excluded by Washington insiders  John Calhoun (VP) – his wife was worst ► Jackson will remove Calhoun in 1831

14. Nullification Crisis ► South feels isolated  Tariffs (1816, 1824, 1828)  American System  Rising opposition to slavery ► Tariff of 1832 ► Ordinance of Nullification ► Clay’s Compromise – Tariff of 1833 ► Force Bill ► SC concedes

15. Second National Bank ► First Bank expired 1811 ► Second Bank chartered 1816  80% private investors – some foreign ► Bank Pres - Nicholas Biddle  Young, cultured, arrogant  He and Jackson did not get along

16. Bank War ► Election of 1832: Jackson v. Clay ► Bank recharter scheme ► Jackson Veto  Bank of US is a monopoly  Bank is unconstitutional  Instrument of the wealthy  Foreign owned ► The veto stands

17. Election of 1832

18. Destroy the National Bank ► Pet Banks  pro-Jackson ► Two Secs. of Treasury refused ► Jackson appoints Roger B. Taney ► Senate censure - 1834  Only time in history  Violation of the Constitution and abuse of power  Conflict of interest

19. Downfall of Mother Bank

20. Impact of Jackson’s Economic Policy ► National Bank no longer regulates currency ► Land Speculation  Borrow from wildcat banks ► Jackson discouraged by speculation ► Issues Specie Circular - 1836  Land sales transactions must be completed in gold or silver ► Stopped speculation  Land prices fall – people lose everything (Foreclosures)  Banks go under ► Leads to Panic of 1837

21. Destruction of the National Bank ► Many historians argue..  Jackson destroyed a vital financial institution ► Could have helped alleviate pressures from Panic of 1837 ► It seemed like he reduced this issue to a personal vendetta rather than trying to understand the importance of this institution to society. He did not keep the best interests of the country in mind.

22. Indian Removal Act ► Cotton Land – South East  Americans wanted it ► Treaties gave land to Native Americans ► Americans began encroaching ► What are his alternatives?

23. Indian Removal Act ► Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi legislatures disbanded the treaties  unconstitutional act - treaties were federal policies ► Indian Removal Act  Some moved without issue  Seminoles fought – Second Seminole War  Cherokees attempted to adopt European culture  Challenged the legislation through the court system ► Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - 1831 ► Worchester v. Georgia - 1832  “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”

24. Cherokee Nation – 1820s

25. Indian Removal 1831-1838

26. Costly Mistakes ► Lack of organization  no monitoring of this operation  Very few regulations established ► Inadequate funds ► Widespread disease, injuries and death  Trail of Tears  About 25% don’t make it ► Black eye for America

27. Trail of Tears