1. President Presidential Leadership and The Bureaucracy

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 2 Presidency in Theory Federalist Paper 70- Hamilton’s Views James Madison’s View –One voice yes, not single actor –All enumerated powers are joint powers with Senate or Congress Historically job of Executive written around G. Washington.

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 3 Institutional Presidency White House staff –Personal aides and advisers of the president –Brownlow Committee 1939 Executive Office of the Presidency –Established 1939 –Office of Management and Budget –Council of Economic Advisers –National Security Council

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 4 Institutional Presidency (2) Vice President –Expanded role since Walter Mondale Cabinet –Appointed heads of the fifteen principal executive agencies –U.S. ambassador to the United Nations

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 5 Independent Agencies… Independent Agencies and Commissions –Administrative but neither fully Congressional nor Executive. –Examples: NASA, FED, SEC, TVA, CIA, etc.

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 6 Managing the Bureaucracy Pyramid –President is on the top –Bureaucrats underneath carry out the president’s decisions Limitations on management –Vast size of the administration –Civil servants do not depend on the president for their jobs –Congress has considerable influence over agencies

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 7 Congress and the Presidency Roadblocks –Members of Congress have own constituency with concerns regarding how policies are implemented. –Congressional can be fragmented and decentralized OR have strong leadership –Divided government puts Congress in a strong position Success with Congress –Unified government helps president get his policies through –Legislative liaison staff keeps president informed –President can offer favors to Congress members –Mystique of the presidency –Veto

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 8 Policy Making Power Policy Making Bureaucracy is a political institution Expertise –Administrators know more about a particular area of responsibility than anyone else. Rule-making authority –Administrators exercise direct influence by giving specificity to vague congressional mandates. Administrative adjudication –Administrators rule on federal law cases and handle far more cases than the judiciary does.

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 9 Political Environment Political support –The more favorable public opinion is about an agency, the better the agency is treated by Congress and the presidency. –The more successful an agency is at gaining political support, the more autonomy it is granted. Bureaucratic politics –Agencies seeking to carry out their missions may be threatened by other agencies promoting their missions. –Agencies thus look for allies on Capitol Hill and in the White House.

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 10 Economic Power Presidency has been seen as the institution capable of dealing with the economy Employment Act of 1946 –Government has duty to foster and promote free competitive enterprise, avoid economic fluctuations, and maintain employment, production and purchasing power Tools available –Fiscal policy –Monetary policy –Incomes policy

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 11 National Security Presidents enjoy greater leeway in foreign and military policy –Protect the national interest –Promote democracy around the world –Act as peacemakers United States v. Curtiss-Wright Corporation (1936)

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 12 National Security and Congress Post World War II –Korea –Viet Nam War Powers Resolution of 1973 –Attempt by Congress to reassert constitutional role in deciding if the nation is at war. –Fails e.g. Bosnia, Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 13 Public Presidency Modern presidency claims a close bond with the American people –Public support boosts presidential influence with other political players Going public –Growing percentage of presidential time spent on the road selling policies –Influence of president on public support waning

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 14 US War in Iraq Connection to US War in Iraq: 1.Sept. 11, 2001 and Al Qaeda 2.Al Qaeda and Taliban of Afghanistan 3.Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein 4.Mohammed Atta 5.Aluminum tubes 6.Niger’s yellow cake 7.Mobile biological weapons units 8.“Scooter” Libby

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 15 The Dark Side PBS Broadcast on Bush Administration response to 9/11 that led ultimately to war in Iraq

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 16 Overview of Federal Agencies