1. KNR 365 Pharmacology

2. Pharmacology Defined The study of drugs, their sources, their nature, and their properties. Pharmacology is the study of the body's reaction to drugs. Why important for TR/RT? – Impact on interventions – Team discussions – Administration

3. Names Drugs may have 4 names – Trademark name – Official name – Chemical name – Generic name

4. Routes of Administration Oral (PO) – Must withstand acidic environment of stomach – Must permeate the gut lining before entering the blood stream Sublingual – Absorbed under the tongue – Stomach is bypassed

5. Routes of Administration Rectal (PR) – Unconscious or vomiting or small children – Absorption is unreliable Inhalation – Rapid absorption – Some in devices with metered doses

6. Routes of Administration Topical – Used for local delivery – Used if toxic effects if administered systematically Transdermal – Patch – Drugs seeps out through skin and capillary bed

7. Routes of Administration Intravenous (IV) – Injected directly into blood stream – Rapid action Intramuscular (IM) – Passes through capillary walls to enter blood stream Subcutaneous – Injected beneath the skin

8. Based on research Efficacy – Degree drug is able to induce maximal effects – Drug A vs. drug B Potency – Amount of drug needed to produce 50% of maximal response – Morphine more potent than codeine

9. Drug Interactions Altered absorptions – Antiulcer drugs coasts stomach may decrease GI absorption of other drugs Altered metabolism Altered excretion – Drugs may act on kidneys

10. Other terms Tolerance – Decreased response to a drug – Drug must be increased to get same effect Dependence – Needs a drug to function normally – Cessation produces withdrawal symptoms – Physical or psychological Withdrawal – When drug is no longer given to dependent person – Opposite effects of drug

11. Importance of Patient Profile Age (infants, elderly) Pregnancy or nursing Smoking and drinking habits – Lower than expected drug concentration – Drug reaches toxic concentrations Liver or kidney disease (common in geriatric population) – Failing kidneys excrete fewer drug – Failing livers metabolize drugs poorly

12. Importance of Patient Profile Pharmacogenetics – Genetic differences between patients Drug interactions Psychosocial factors – Poor patient compliance – Cost – Ease of administration – Dose schedule Olson, 2011

13. Austin, 2009 chpt 10 Diabetes Seizures Psychotropic drugs

14. WebMD http://www.webmd.com/ http://www.webmd.com/ Health conditions Drugs & supplements – Medications Warning, Uses, Side Effects, Interaction, Overdose – Supplements Symptom checker WebMD for Android, iPhone, & iPad (Free)

15. Practice Use Olson to find definition of COPD and medications Use WebMD to find definition and treatment – Compare/contrast both sources Use WebMD to find Atrovent Inhl – What is it used for? – What are the side effects & interactions? What if the client is using Lisinopril Oral? (what is this for?) – Uses, side effects, precautions, interactions What if the client is using Glucosamine Oral? (what is this for?) – Uses, side effects, precautions, interactions What medication is 5 sided and peach color?