1. Body Systems 6th Grade Science
Chapter 4
Body Systems
6th Grade Science

2. How is the body organized?
The human body is made up of more than __ trillion cells.
Every cell is part of a __________ unit which makes up the body.
Cells work together and depend on each other to keep the body’s internal conditions in _______.
___________processes take place in the cells to maintain internal conditions. 75
living
balance
Chemical

3. Chemical Processes in Cells
Important life processes can only occur in the cells at a particular temperature range - ___________.
Cells in different parts of the body work together to maintain this internal _________.
Cells are ___________ in a way that makes them efficient.
Approximately _______ cells could cover the head of a pin.
37˚ C (98.6˚ F)
temperature
organized
10,000

4. Levels of Organization
All cells are made up of the same basic _______ (same basic parts).
Each cell is adapted to perform a very specific ________.
Cells are organized by the ________ that they perform.
Similar cells that work together to perform a particular function in the body make up _______.
structure
function
function
tissues

5. Cells, Tissues, Organs
Cells that can ________, or shorten make up ________ tissues
Cells that carry ________ from one cell to another make up ________ tissue.
The ________ is made up of _______ tissue.
When two or more tissues work together they form an _________.
Example: Your heart is an ______ that is made up of many different types of ______. (muscle, nerve)
contract
muscle
messages
nerve
brain
nerve
organ
organ
tissues

6. Organ Systems Cells are organized to form ___________.
Tissues are organized to form _________.
Organs are organized to form _____________.
Examples of organ systems:
______________ _______________
______________ ________________
tissues
organs
Organ systems
Circulatory
Muscular
Digestive
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive
Excretaory
Respiratory
Immune
Skeletal

7. System
Function
Circulatory
Transports oxygen, nutrients, and cell wastes
Digestive
Breaks down foods into a form that the body can use
Endocrine
Controls internal conditions. Growth, development, and reproduction
Excretory
Removes wastes from the blood
Immune
Defends the body against pathogens
Muscular
Allows body movement and movement of substances within the body
Nervous
Controls the body movement, thought and behavior
Reproductive
Produces sex cells and offspring
Respiratory
Provides the oxygen and removes gas wastes from the blood
Skeletal
Provides body protection and support; interacts with muscles to allow movement

8. Example: The Heart
The heart is made up of _______ cells that have many __________ to provide energy for the heart to beat constantly.
The arrangement of muscle cells in the heart form heart ________ which allows the heart to contract and relax as it beats.
The heart itself is an _________ which is made up of muscle tissues, tissues that provide support and protection, and tissues that form its blood vessels.
muscle
mitochondria
tissues
organ

9. Blood cells
______ blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body so that all cells can carry out life functions.
________ blood cells help to fight disease-causing invaders that attack the body.
Although each person is unique, the structure and function of the cells, tissues, and organ are similar in some ways.
These similarities enable other human beings to donate blood and entire organs.
Red
White

10. Skeletal system
Bones are ________ that make up the make up the skeletal system.
Bones are made up of living ________, as well as non-living _________ that are deposited by bone ________.
The functions of the skeletal system:
1. ____________
2. _______________
3. _________________
4. ___________________
organs
tissues
minerals
cells
Provides support
Protects organs
Makes new blood cells
Stores important minerals

11. Parts of the Bone Parts of the bone:
1. Thin, tough outer covering on the surface of the bone is living __________.
2. ___________ in the bone carry blood which supplies materials that none cells need. Blood also removes ______ that bone cells produce.
3. _________ bone is the hardest material in the human body, except for tooth enamel – it is made up of __________.
4. _______ bone tissue makes the bone lightweight.
5. __________ in the spongy bone makes new _______________.
tissue
Blood vessels
wastes
Compact
Bony tubes
Spongy
Red Marrow
Red blood cells

12. -__________ and __________ make up the skeletal system
__________ stores fat.
- As your body grows from an infant to an adult, the __________ (flexible material) is replaced by hard ________.
-__________ and __________ make up the skeletal system
Skull, ribcage, and back bone - ______________
Bones store minerals such as _______________
Yellow marrow
cartilage
bone
Cartilage
bone
Protect important organs
Calcium and phosphorous

13. Minerals in the Bones
Minerals are __________ from the bone as the body needs them
_________________ make bones hard and strong.
As people grow older, they lose _______ in their bones. The bones become weakened and can break easily. This is known as _______________.
released
Calcium and phosphorus
calcium
osteoporosis

14. Joints A __________is a place where two bones meet.
Flexible ___________ covers and protects the ends of bones at ________.
The _______ of cartilage surfaces and the way they fit together determines the _________ a joint can move.
Strong cords of tissue called ________ connect the bones in each joint
joint
cartilage
joints
shape
direction
ligaments

15. Muscular system Bones support the body while ______ allow you to move.
_________ muscles in the body make up about ________ of your body weight.
Muscles and tissues that attach tem to the bone make up the _______________.
The body has _____ types of muscle tissues.
muscles
600
40-50%
Muscular system 3

16. 3 Types of Muscles
1. _________ Muscle – muscle tissue in your heart. Contracts without getting tired.
2. __________ Muscle – found in the organs of the digestive system and blood vessels.
Cardiac and Smooth Muscles are INVOLUNTARY!! They work automatically to control movements inside your body.
3. _________Muscles – voluntary muscles that move your arms and legs
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

17. Movement
All muscles can contract but only ________ muscles are responsible for ___________.
________ and _______ work together to move your body.
Muscles attach to opposite sides of a ______ at a ____. When one muscle contracts and pulls the bone, the opposite muscle relaxes. Movement results in the direction of the pulling muscle
skeletal
movement
Bones
muscles
bone
joint

18. Nervous system Your nervous system includes: ______________
The nervous system extends to all of the parts of the body.
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Sense Organs

19. Parts of the Brain
1. ________ - maintains blood pressure, heartbeat, respiration, and digestion.
2. __________ - controls balance and posture; helps fine tune movements
3. __________ - Interprets information that senses gather; controls muscle movement, thinking, and language.
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

20. Messages / Responses
The _______ interprets a message from one of your senses.
The brain ________ by sending ____________ back through the ____________ to the _________ for movement or action.
brain
responds
Nerve impulses
Spinal cord
muscles

21. Nerve cells Nerve cells are called ________.
__________ pass messages throughout your body.
Each neuron has a _________ with many branches.
____________ are short branches that carry messages from other neurons to the cell body.
___________ are long branches which carry messages away from the cell body to other neurons. A neuron has many dendrites but only one axon.
neurons
Neurons
Cell body
Dendrites
Axons

22. Impulses
_________ - a message that travels along a neuron and from one neuron to the next.
Impulses can travel in only _____ direction – from the _______ of one neuron to the __________ of another neuron.
Impulses travel along neurons to the _____.
Impulses → brain → sends messages to act → pass through the __________.
Impulse
one
axon
dendrite
brain
Spinal cord

23. Reflexes __________ is a response that happens automatically.
Example: When you touch your hand to a hot stove and pull your hand away. You do not have to “think” about pulling your hand away – you just do it!
Reflex

25. Endocrine System
The nervous system helps to maintain balance in the body’s processes by interpreting information and telling the parts of the body to act.
The __________ system also helps to balance the body’s processes such as growth and maintaining sugar levels.
The endocrine system is made up of ________.
Endocrine
glands

26. Glands _____ - an organ that produces a chemical
_______________ - an organ that releases chemical substances directly into the blood.
___________ - the substances that the endocrine glands release into the blood – hormones control many of your body’s functions.
The endocrine system releases _______ when your body needs them.
gland
Endocrine gland
hormones
hormones

27. Endocrine Glands
Maintains internal balance by releasing hormones to _________ throughout the body.
________ - each kind of hormone travels in the blood to a particular area in the body to perform certain tasks.
______________ - a circular pathway that sends information back and forth from one part of the body to another.
Target cells
Target cells
Biofeedback loop

28. Endocrine Glands Gland Function Pituitary
Controls development and body growth
Thyroid
Controls how cells release energy
Parathyroid
Controls the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
Adrenals
Controls the body’s reaction to anger, fright, or fear
Pancreas
Controls the amount of glucose in the blood
Ovaries
Control female charactersitcs
testes
Control Male characteristics

29. Transport Systems of the Body
The transport systems of the body include:
______________ - takes in materials needed by the body and breaks them down into a useable forms
______________ - carry blood and nutrients to cells in all parts of the body
_______________ - takes in oxygen that cells need and gets rid of carbon dioxide wastes that cells produce.
Digestive System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System

30. Digestive System
Organs of the _________ system work together to break down food into a useable form. These organs include:
_____- produces _____ which helps to digest fat. The liver also stores some nutrients and breaks down harmful substances in the blood.
_______________ - bile is stored until it is released to the ______________.
– ___________ - produces _________ that flow into the small intestine.
digestive
Liver
bile
Gallbladder
Small intestine
Pancreas
enzymes

31. Process of Digestion ________ - help break down food into nutrients
1. _______ - mechanical digestion begins. ______ begins the process of _______ digestion.
2. _________ - tongue pushes the softened moistened food towards the esophagus. The smooth muscles of the esophagus push the food down to the stomach.
Enzymes
Mouth
Chemical
Saliva
Esophagus

32. Process of Digestion Continued
3. _______ - continues mechanical digestion by squeezing the contents with muscle contractions. ______ in the stomach produce ______ and _______ that breakdown __________.
4. ____________ - most digestion takes place here.
____- tiny finger-like structures line the small intestine which increases the surface area for nutrient absorption into the blood stream.
Stomach
Glands
enzymes
acids
proteins
Small Intestine
Villi

33. Process of Digestion Continued
5. ____________ - materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream pass into the large intestine. Very little ______ takes place here. Water is absorbed and solid wastes are formed and stored until the body is ready to excrete them.
Large Intestine
digestion

34. Circulatory System
___ in the small intestine contain ________that pick up nutrients and pass them into the __________.
______________ transports nutrients to all the parts of the body.
The circulatory system is made up of:
1. __________
2.___________
3.____________
Villi
Blood cells
Blood stream
Circulatory system
Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels

35. The circulatory system consists of THREE elements

36. Functions of the Blood
_________has several different parts, each part has a different function
The biggest part of the blood is made up of a liquid called _________.
The cells in the body depend on the plasma to carry food from the ____________ to the cells
Cells get _________ from the plasma
_________moves other important chemicals and hormones around the body
Blood
plasma
Digestive system
water
Plasma

37. Blood Cells There are three types of blood cells:
Red blood cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Cells need oxygen to get energy from _______.
___________ are bright red when they are carrying _________.
After the cells give the oxygen to the cells that need it, their color changes to ________ red.
food
Red Blood Cells
oxygen
dark

38. Parts of the Blood
_______________ protect the body against germs and harmful things
The number of white blood cells is always changing – the body will make more white blood cells when it needs to ________ infection.
_____________ are pieces of cells that float in the blood
_____________help to stop bleeding by clotting
___________ makes up more than half of the blood
______________ make up a little less than half of the blood
________________ and ______________ make up a very small portion of the blood.
White blood cells
fight
platelets
platelets
plasma
Red Blood cells
White Blood Cells
platelets

39. Types of Blood Cells Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets Form
Shaped like discs with a dimple on each side
Different shapes and sizes that change as they work
Not complete cells
Function
Carry oxygen to the rest of the body
Protect your body from germs and other harmful things
Form blood clots
Disorder
Sickle-cell anemia – blood cells are shaped like a crescent moon. They do not carry oxygen as well as they should.
Leukemia is a type of cancer where the person’s white blood cells do not form correctly and their numbers increase too quickly
An embolism is a clot that floats freely in the blood and can block a vessel

40. Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
__________can be thought of as highways that your blood uses to move through your body.
Three kinds of blood vessels:
____________
_____________
Each different blood vessel has a different ___________ that helps it do its job.
Blood Vessels
arteries
capillaries
Veins
Structure

41. Arteries
__________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body
Arteries have ________, muscular walls that stretch when the heart pumps blood to it.
Arteries branch into smaller and smaller tubes until they branch into the smallest blood vessel in the body, the ________.
Arteries
thick
capillaries

42. Capillaries The walls of the capillaries are only one _____ thick.
cell
The walls of the capillaries are only one _____ thick.
The tubes are so narrow that ____________ must travel in a single file line through them
_____ can easily pass through these thin walls
______ moves from the blood into the capillaries to the cells
_____________ and other wastes go in the opposite direction from oxygen through the capillaries
red blood cells
Gases
oxygen
Carbon dioxide

43. Veins Capillaries join together to form _________
_____ carry blood from cells back to the heart
The tiny veins formed by the capillaries join many times to form larger ____
Veins have _____-flaps that act like doors to keep blood flowing in one direction.
Arteries and capillaries do not have ________
The pumping of the heart keeps blood flowing in the right direction through the capillaries and arteries.
veins
veins
veins.
valves
valves

44. COOL FACT
The network of blood vessels in the average adult human measures over 60,000 miles! If unraveled, it could wrap around the Earth’s equator over two times!

45. Arteries & Veins
The largest ARTERY in the body is the AORTA, which carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body (except for the lungs).
The two largest VEINS in the body are the superior and inferior VENA CAVA, which carry blood toward the heart from the rest of the body (except for the lungs).

46. The Heart The word “cardio” is Greek for “HEART”
The human heart (as with other mammals and birds) consists of 4 chambers

47. Chambers of the Heart There are two ATRIA, or upper chambers.
There are two VENTRICLES, or lower chambers.

48. Respiratory System
All cells in your body need ______. Cells use oxygen to release ________ from nutrients Cells produce _____________ as a waste. _____delivers _______ and removes _________ from the body. Nose → trachea → lungs → bronchial tubes → bronchioles → alveoli
oxygen
energy
Carbon Dioxide gas
Blood
Carbon Dioxide
oxygen

49. Alveoli
_________ - air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. ______enters the blood and _____________ is removed in the alveoli.
_________ cover the alveoli.
alveoili
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide gas
Capillaries

50. Immune System
___________ are organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that can cause diseases.
_____________ helps your body defend itself against _________.
How your body defends itself:
______ - protective barrier
______ - wash away bacteria
_______ - nose, mouth and throat trap pathogens
_________, ___________ in the stomach, and _______ such as sneezing and coughing
pathogens
Immune System
pathogens
skin
tears
mucus
saliva
Gastric juices
reflexes

51. When a Pathogen Enters the Body
____________ recognizes the pathogen and reproduces itself many times to fight against it.
Some white blood cells alert other white blood cells to produce ________ - chemicals that kill specific pathogens.
Other white blood cells attack body cells that contain the ________ - they kill the infected cell and the pathogens.
White Blood Cell
antibodies
pathogens

52. Systems working together
Human Body System
Working together
Respiratory and Circulatory
Work harder through activity.
Breathing rate increases which provides more oxygen to working muscles.
Heart pumps faster and delivers more oxygen and nutrients to muscles while getting rid of carbon dioxide.
Endocrine
Hormones make sure the body has enough energy and stability
Digestive
Nutrients are in the blood ready to supply the body with energy
Nervous
Nerves gather information which is sent to the brain through the spinal cord. The brain interprets the messages and directs the parts of the body to respond
Muscular and skeletal
Muscles receive messages from the brain telling them to contract. As the muscles contract, the muscles pull on the bone which results in movement.
Systems working together