1. Emotions Defined II Class 5

2. Class Business PowerPoint Before Class, even if not final version? YES Quiz/Test Prep: Use PowerPoints as guide; then readings, class notes: http://nwkpsych.rutgers.edu/~kharber/emotions/ http://nwkpsych.rutgers.edu/~kharber/emotions/ Syllabus Updates – Next class "Flat Face" Social Experiment. Anybody do this?

3. Facial Expression of Emotion: Duchene Smile Duchene Smile : Genuine, real, non-fake smile. Fake smileDuchene smile Fake: Zygomatic (mouth) muscles only Duchene: Zygomatic (mouth) + orbicularis oculi (eyes) AB Which is the Duchene (genuine) smile, A or B?

4. What comes first, thinking or feeling? Appraisal Theory: Thinking comes first Example: Wake in panic, it’s 8:30, you have a 9:00 AM class, then you realize—it’s Saturday. New thought (“Saturday”) new emotion? Separate Systems Theory: Emotions can come first Example: Your cousin say’s her new husband is great, she's so happy. He's so funny and silly especially after 4-5 whiskey and waters. You hang up, no problem. Then you feel unease. Why? Relief How many whiskeys?

5. Thinking First vs. Feeling First tied to General Arousal vs. Specific Emotion James : Every emotion tied to distinct body state, Cannon-Bard : Central Nervous System model of emotions. 1. Emotions produced by brain, not body. 2. Same body change (high vs. low arousal) for all emotions. 3. Brain "labels" arousal as different emotions. William James Walter Cannon

6. Schachter & Singer Theory of Emotion Emotion is arousal + cognition Fits generally with Cannon-Bard Central Systems Theory Emotion only occurs if: a. Body is aroused b. A reason for arousal is located c. The labeling of arousal determines emotion d. Arousal w/o cognition leads to no emotion Stanley Schachter

7. Emotion- producing event Social / Environ- mental information Physiological Response Emotion Schachter and Singer Model of Emotions + Flowers Delivered Because you’re special! Love, Clark Love, Jason Affection Terror Neutral

8. Schachter & Singer Experiment (1962) 1.Subject told study concerns effect of new vitamin 2.Given an injection: a.Epinephrine (epi) or Placebo (saline) b.Told that shot is arousing (informed) or not told (uninformed) 3.Told to wait in room, fill out survey 4.Also in room is confederate (poses as another subject) a. Confed either very happy or very angry 5. Question: What emotion will the subject feel?

9. Results of Schachter & Singer Confederate’s Behavior Happy Angry Neutral Subject’s state Epi, uninformed Epi, informed Placebo, uninformed Placebo, informed Happy Angry Afraid Neutral

10. Insomnia and the Attribution Process Storms and Nisbett, 1970 Richard Nisbett Idea: Would shifting explanation for night-time nervousness from anxious thoughts to a pill lead reduce insomnia? Why would this happen? How is this related to Schachter & Singer?

11. Study Design Subjects: 42 insomniacs at Yale, all given placebo, but told: "Arousing Drug Cond" "This drug....will increase your heart rate and...body temp., You may feel like your mind is racing...." "Relaxing Drug Cond" "This drug...will lower your heart rate...body tem. And it will calm your mind... " Which condition will sleep better? Why? "Arousing" Drug "Relaxing" Drug X

12. Storms & Nisbett Study Results Minutes to Falling Asleep

13. Separate Systems Approach to Emotions a. Affective reactions are primary b. Affect is basic c. Affect is inescapable d. Affective reactions tend to be irrevocable, in contrast to cognitive judgments e. Affect implicates the self: cognitive judgments center on features of objects. f. Emotions are not always verbalizable g. Affective reactions don't always depend on thinking h. Affective reactions can be separated from content knowledge Robert Zajonc 1923-2008

14. "Circumstantial" Evidence for Separate Systems Theory of Emotions 1.Physiological: a. Hemisphere Specificity: Emotional expressions flashed to R hemi. recalled better than to L hemi. b. Amygdala -- direct link to sensorium, bypasses cortex 2. Developmental: Infants "know" emotions from birth. 3. Cross cultural: All cultures "know" same emotions. 4. Evolutionary: Emotion system existed long before neo-cortex Amygdala

15. Zajonc “Mere Exposure” Experiment Subjects see many cards showing a Chinese character. Some cards shown repeatedly, others shown only once. After viewing many cards, subjects asked: a. Which cards did were shown repeatedly? b. Which cards they like the most. XX MEMORY ACCURACY At chance level Better than chance

16. Mere Exposure Study Main Point Things seen repeatedly are safe. We like safe things. Liking becomes an emotional memory for repeated exposure. Even when conscious memory fails us. “Preferences” (liking/not liking) “need no inferences” (conscious judgments and evaluations).

17. Role of Body in Emotion, and Thinking 1 st vs. Feeling 1 st Debate If emotions can, sometimes, come first, then emotions should show up in bodily arousal. Also, if emotions come first, each emotion should be distinct, rather than “general arousal” shaped by thinking. Therefore, locating emotions in body would support Separate Systems approach.

18. James’s Peripheral Theory of Emotion 1. Emotions are, literally, feelings. 2. Every emotion accompanied by corresponding change in bodily sensation. 3.Emotions are the sensation of what is going on in the body, arise from the body. 4.Therefore, each emotion is physiologically distinct. 5.Contrast to Cannon-Bard theory – emotions arise in brain, not body. All emotions are basically arousal + cognition.

19. Testing James’ Peripheral Theory If emotions require sensation from the body, what group of people might show reduced emotions? Spinal cord injured. Less feeling in body, therefore (per James) less emotion. Hohmann (1966): Spinal cord injured (SCI) report less sexual arousal, less fear, less anger. Bermond (1991): No general loss of emotion. Research problems? Memory-based research; age; injury  emotional numbing

20. Robt. Zajonc Blood-flow Theory a. Changing bodily state  change in emotion b. Face is primary source of emotional change * Umlaut study * Pencil-in-mouth study * Face-pose study and picture judgments (Larson et al., 1992) Sad | | | | | Happy

21. Ekman's Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and Emotion Generation

22. Ekman, et al.: Facial Poses and Emotional Arousal Facial PoseHeart RateGalvanic Skin Response HappyLowXXXX DisgustLowXXXX SurpriseLowXXXX SadnessHighLow AngerHighHigh FearHighHigh

23. So, Are Emotions Distinct? Cacioppo et al. (1993) conduct a major review of many studies on emotion and bodily change. Jury is still out, results too conflicted. Example: 10 comparisons of happiness and anger, 5 show differences, 5 do not.

24. Separate Systems Hypothesis: Lang, 1985 1. Cognitive/verbal: Awareness 2. Body/physiological: Arousal 3. Behavioral/expressive: Expression

25. Modes of Emotional Experience: Unified or Independent? Unified model : [Cognitive and Physiological and Expressive] aspects of emotions must co-occur Independent model : Cognitive or Physiological or Expressive aspects can occur in any combination

26. Possible Combinations of Emotional Features as Independent AwarenessYYYYNNN ExpressionYYNNYNY Bodily YNNYYYN Arousal

27. Emotions and the Human Dilemma We know enough to know we don’t know enough. We need to act in order to survive Acting requires making choices Best choices based on complete information We rarely have complete information Yet we must chose anyway Emotions:1. Help us set priorities 2. Give us cues to action when we lack vital information

28. Emotions as Orienting Device: The Phineas Gage Story Gage a railroad foreman Blasts out prefrontal lobes with tamping tool Survives injury, but Behavior radically changed: Can’t plan Impulsive, short tempered, terrible social judgment Other studies of frontal lobe damage show same pattern: emotional blunting + poor planning + obsess on details

29. Prefrontal Damage Sustained by Phineas Gage

30. Thinking and Emotions Emotions shift direction of thought: Mental radar (Herbert Simon, 1967). Emotions are thought-interrupters Emotions focus attention on emotion-relevant things Emotions focus attention on un-solved problems BUT: Emotions can also be changed by changes in thinking (in line with Appraisal Theory). Herbert Simon