1. What is the best way to spread religious beliefs? Religious Empires and the Crusades

2. Byzantine Empire Nova RomaConsiderations New Rome Eastern Empire Capital city Constantinople named after Roman Emperor Constantine What does Nova Roma mean? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

3. Byzantine Empire Nova RomaConsiderations Constantinople Located in the middle of many trade routes Geographically protected from attacks Why was Constantinople so successful? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

4. Byzantine Empire Nova RomaConsiderations Constantinople Roman architecture, Christianity, and culture thrived in the Eastern Empire until 1453 How was the Byzantine Empire similar to the Roman Empire? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

5. Byzantine Empire Nova RomaConsiderations Justinian Took control of Byzantium in 527 AD Expanded and Modernized the entire empire What does expanded mean? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ What does modernize mean? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

6. Byzantine Empire Nova RomaConsiderations Justinian Expanded the Empire Recovered much of the Empire that once belonged to Rome Stretching as far West as Spain How far did Justinian expand his empire? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

7. Byzantine Empire Nova RomaConsiderations Justinian Modernized the Empire with the Justinian Code Uniform laws created from outdated Roman Law What was the Justinian Code ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

8. Byzantine Empire Nova RomaConsiderations Justinian Code Official language was Greek Bishops would be the head of the church Priests could marry What were some of the important characteristics of the Byzantine Empire? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

9. Byzantine Empire Nova RomaConsiderations Justinian Code His proudest accomplishment was Church building campaign The Hagia Sophia was the most splendid church in the Christian World. What is a “Church building campaign”? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ What is the Hagia Sophia? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

10. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Causes Germanic tribes continuously invaded Roman cities and eventually invaded Rome itself Why does the Roman Empire collapse in the West? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

11. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Causes Germans could not read or write Had no obligation to Roman law or taxes Lived by unwritten rules and tradition The Germanic tribes were similar or different from the Romans? ______________________ ______________________ What do you think the results would be? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

12. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Results Trade disrupted Cities collapsed Learning declined Common language was lost What were the immediate results of the Germanic invasions? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

13. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Benedict Christian leader who wrote strict and practical rules for monks and nuns Educated the Germanic tribes What did Benedict teach to the Germanic tribes? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

14. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Benedict By 600 AD many Germanic people converted to Christianity There were more or less Christians in Western Europe as a result of Benedict? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

15. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Charlemagne Western King United all of the independent tribes in Western Europe Spread Christianity Who is Charlemagne and what did he do? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

16. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Charlemagne Ordered monks to open schools Encouraged learning Thomas Aquinas defended these religious practices through philosophy What happens to the role of the Church under Charlemagne? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

17. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Charlemagne Crushed a violent mob in Rome and was crowned “Emperor” by the Pope Who has more power in Western Europe Charlemagne or the Pope? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

18. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Charlemagne After his death, the empire was divided among his grandsons This led to invasions from fierce Scandinavian sailors known as Vikings Who invaded after Charlemagne’s death? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

19. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Vikings Like the Germans, they did not have formal religion Soon adopted Christianity What happened to the role or power of the Church after the Viking invasions? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

20. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Western Church Christendom or a Christian Kingdom emerges Cannon Law or church law was enforced Disobeyed meant excommunication or banishment from the Church How did the Church get so much power in Western Europe? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

21. Western Europe Invasion and WarfareConsiderations Western Church Spoke Latin Headed by the Pope Priests could not marry How would the Western Church be different than the Eastern Church? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

22. Spread of Islam IslamConsiderations Monotheistic Belief in Muhammad Submit to Allah What profit does Islam believe in? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ What does submit mean? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

23. Spread of Islam IslamConsiderations Death of Muhammad Mecca Some Abandoned Refused to cooperate Declared themselves prophest What problems occurred in Islam after the death of Muhammad? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

24. Spread of Islam IslamConsiderations Quran Sacred Islamic text Jihad Struggle or fight for the faith Put to use by Caliph What does Jihad mean? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Why did Abu-Bakr declared this interpretation of Jihad? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

25. Spread of Islam IslamConsiderations Jihad Struggle or fight for the faith Muslim Armies conquered: Arabian Peninsula Egypt Syria In less than 10 years Where did Islam first spread? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

26. Spread of Islam IslamConsiderations Jihad Struggle or fight for the faith Forced Conversion Forbid Offered equity and hope Jews and Christians tolerated Taxes forced Were conquered peoples forced to convert? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Why did many eventually convert? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

27. The Crusades CrusadesConsiderations Holy War for the Holy Lands What are the Crusades? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ What are the “Holy Lands”? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

28. The Crusades CrusadesConsiderations Holy War for the Holy Lands Causes Social: Unify East/West Schism Economic: Wealth in Holy Lands Political: Western Pope to gain Eastern territory Spiritual: Ticket to Heaven What are the four broad causes of the Crusades? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Who fought in the Crusades? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

29. The Crusades CrusadesConsiderations Holy War for the Holy Lands Effects Social: Weakened the West Economic: Trade increased Political: Church’s Power increased Spiritual: Hatred among monotheistic religions What are the four broad effects of the Crusades? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Who won the Crusades? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

30. The Crusades Causes and Effects CausesEffects Social Economic Political Spiritual __________________ __________________