1. Health Occupations
The Cell

2. Definitions Anatomy Study of form & structure of organism Physiology
Study of processes of living organisms, why & how they work
Pathophysiology
Study of how disease occurs & responses of living organisms to disease processes

3. Protoplasm Basic substance of life Makes up all living things
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus
Unique combo we call life
Forms the basic unit of structure in all living things – the cell

4. The Cell Microscopic Carries on all functions of life
Building block of the body
Functions
Takes in food and oxygen
Produces heat & energy
Moves & adapts to the environment
Eliminates wastes
Performs special functions
Reproduces to create new, identical cells

5. Cell Parts Cell Membrane – Outer protective covering Semi permeable
Allows certain substances in & out
Prevents other substances from leaving or entering

6. Cell Membrane

7. Cell Parts
Cytoplasm
Jelly like fluid inside cell that surrounds cell parts
Water, proteins, lipids, CHO, minerals, salts
Site for all chemical reactions in cell
Contains organelles
Cell structures that help cell function
nucleus, mitochrondria, ribosomes, liposomes, centrioles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum

8. Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

9. Cell Parts - Organelles
Nucleus
Brains of the cell
Controls cell activities
Directs reproduction

10. Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

11. Cell Parts - Organelles
Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Important for reproduction
Manufactures ribosomes
RNA – ribonucleic acid & protein
Move from nucleus to cytoplams
Aids in protein synthesis (production)
Can exist freely or as attached to endoplasmic reticulum

12. Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

13. Cell Parts - Organelles
Chromatin
Inside nucleus
Make up of DNA
Deoxynucleic acid & protein
During reproduction
Chromatin condenses & forms chromosomes
Human has 46 or 23 pairs
Chromosomes
100,000 genes with inherited characteristics
Gene
Specific & unique code of about 1,000 DNA pairs that carry coding for exact cell duplication
Can be used for identification because each sequence is unique

14. Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

15. Cell Parts - Organelles
Centrosome
Located in cytoplasm near nucleus
Contains 2 centrioles
During mitosis (cell division), centrioles separate
Cytoplasmic spindle fibers form between centrioles & attach to chromosomes
Creates an even division of chromosomes in the 2 new cells

16. Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nucleus
Centrosome
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

17. Cell Parts – Organelles
Mitochondria
Rod-shaped
Furnaces or power houses of cells
Break down CHO, proteins, fats
Produce ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Cell’s major energy source

18. Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Chromatin
Nucleus
Centrosome
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

19. Cell Parts - Organelles
Golgi Apparatus
Stack of membrane layers
Produces, stores, packages secretions for discharge from cell
Salivary, gastric, pancreatic cells have many golgi apparatus

20. Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Chromatin
Nucleus
Centrosome
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

21. Cell Parts - Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Fine network of tubular structures
Allows for transport of materials in & out of nucleus
Aids in synthesis & storage of proteins
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Has ribosomes, sites for protein production
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
No ribosomes, not present in every cell
Assists with cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism, & drug detoxification

22. Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Chromatin
Nucleus
Centrosome
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Rough ER
Smooth ER

23. Cell Parts - Organelles
Lysosomes
Oval or round bodies in cytoplasm
Contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy
Old cells
Bacteria
Foreign materials
Important function of immune system

24. Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Chromatin
Nucleus
Centrosome
Cell Membrane
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Rough ER
Smooth ER

25. Cell Parts – Organelles
Pinocytic vessels
Pocket like folds in cell membrane
Allow large molecules like fats & proteins to enter cell
When molecules are inside, folds close to form vacuoles or bubbles in cytoplasm

26. Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Chromatin
Nucleus
Pinocytic vessel
Centrosome
Cell Membrane
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Rough ER
Smooth ER

27. Cell Parts - Organelles
Vacuole
Closet or storage place of cell
May be empty or full
Looks like bubble in cytoplasm

28. Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Chromatin
Nucleus
Pinocytic vessel
Centrosome
Cell Membrane
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Rough ER
Smooth ER

29. Homeostasis Tendency of a cell to maintain a state of balance
Molecules pass in & out of cell to do this
Cells constantly adjust these to maintain balance
Fluids
Temperature
Oxygen
Electrolytes
Nutrients

30. Electrolytes Compounds made of charged particles or ions
Conduct electrical current in water or cytoplasm
+ charge = cation (acid) Na++, K+, Mg++, H+
- charge = anion (base) HCO3, HPO4, C, SO4)
pH measures how much acid/base is present
Each tissue has own normal pH
If pH is not maintained, cell doesn’t function right

31. Cellular reproduction
Mitosis
Most cells
Divides into 2 identical cells
Asexual
Continuous reproduction
Skin, blood, intestines
Every few years
Muscle
Never
Spinal cord, nervous cells, brain cells

32. Mitosis DNA molecules duplicate themselve
Centrioles separate & a spindle forms between them
Duplicated chromosomes line up along center of spindle
Chromosomes separate
Two nuclei form as cell separates
Each new cell has the full number of chromosomes

33. Meiosis Process by which sex cells divide
Uses 2 separate cell divisions to produce 4 new cells
Ova – female cells
Spermatozoa – male cells
Chromosome number decreases to 23 (1/2 of mitosis) before division

34. Meiosis
When ova & sperm join, form a zygote (new cell) with 46 chromosomes (23 from ova & 23 from sperm)
After zygote forms, rapid mitosis occurs
4-5 days, becomes blastocyst which contains embryonic stem cells
Stem cells have ability to transform into any specialized cell & perform functions
Controversy – can stem cells cure diseases like DM, Parkinson’s disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, heart disease?

35. Heredity
Passing on of genetic information that determines individual characteristics
Determines physical appearance, blood type, gender
Genes
Contain heredity info in cell
Made up of DNA forming chromosomes
50-100,000 genes on each chromosome determining general human & individual traits
Dominant gene – characteristic appears when only 1 gene is inherited
Recessive gene – trait only appears when gene is present on both chromosomes

36. Abnormal genes Cause many inherited, hereditary, or genetic disorders
Described as CONGENITAL or CONDITION rather than contagious or disease
Some disorders affect only 1 body part, others affect entire systems
Disorders include – clubfoot, cleft lip/palate, cystic fibrosis, Down’s syndrome, Huntington’s chorea, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Neural tube defect, Neurofibromatosis, PKU, Sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease