1. Biology 11 E. McIntyre

2. Cytoplasm (cytosol): a cell's inner space Cytoskeleton cytosol Cytosol:large fluid-filled space (mostly water + proteins that control most of the cell metabolisms): glycolysis, transcription factors, intracellular receptors etc. Plasma membrane

3. Organelles Nucleus Protein production machine: the ribosomes Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi apparatus Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Adapted and/or specialized for carrying out one or more vital functions Reminder! Membrane-bound organelles are only found in eukaryotes.

4. Nucleus: a cell's center Function of the nucleus: Stores the chromosomes (genetic material) Note: Two kinds of genetic material: –deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) –ribonucleic acid (RNA) Keeps the DNA molecules of separated from metabolic machinery of cytoplasm.

5. Makes it easier to organize DNA and to copy it before parent cells divide into daughter cells DNA replication and synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)...Nucleus: a cell's center

6. Nucleolus Dense mass of material in nucleus Cluster of DNA and proteins Subunits must pass through nuclear pores to reach cytoplasm production of ribosomes in nucleolus

7. One continuous membrane which spans the ER’s membrane as well. (lipid bilayers) Pores span bilayer and controls what enters/leaves nucleus. Nuclear Membrane (Envelope)

8. Chromatin Cell’s collection of DNA and associated proteins A chromosome is one DNA molecule and its associated proteins Appearance changes as cell divides

9. FUNCTION: assembles proteins (non cytosolic & cytosolic proteins) some are free in cytoplasm (cytoplasmic ribosomes), others are attached to the ER (ER ribosomes) Ribosomes

10. STRUCTURE ER is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane. Two types: Smooth and Rough. (Rough ER has ribosomes on it) Network of membrane that connects nuclear envelope to the cell membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

11. …Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) FUNCTION: Smooth ER (no ribrosomes): responsible for lipid and membrane protein modifications) Rough ER (has ribosomes on it) responsible for the synthesis of other proteins). The ribosomes assemble the proteins within the rough ER. Once assembled, the proteins pinch off the ER and are released in a vesicle.

12. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) …Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

13. FUNCTION: processes, packages, and, secretes cell products (lipids & proteins) Put finishing touches on proteins and lipids that arrive from ER Package finished material for shipment to final destinations. (Exocytosis) Material arrives and leaves in vesicles Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus)

14. …Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus)

15. STRUCTURE Double membrane. Inner membrane is folded for greater surface area. Folds are called cristae. Interior is called the matrix. Contain their own genome (distinct from nuclear genome) Self-replicating FUNCTION ‘burns’ food, i.e. glucose to release energy. Energy is used to make ATP. ATP is a high-energy molecule that can be directly used by the cell. Mitochondria

16. The “powerhouse” of the cell …Mitochondria

17. STRUCTURE Formed by Golgi bodies Bound by a single membrane FUNCTIONS Digests the food particles inside the cell with help of enzymes. These enzymes work at low pH. Involved in autolysis (suicide of cell) Digest foreign bacteria that invade a cell Recycling of membrane components Repair damage to plasma membrane Lysosomes

18. Made by Golgi Surrounded by a single bilipid membrane Detoxification of poisonous substances Many in the liver/ brain lysosome Peroxisomes

19. FUNCTION: maintains the shape of a plant cell found in plants, some fungi, some protists In plants, cell walls are made of a polysaccharide called cellulose. Structural component that wraps around the plasma membrane Cell Wall

20. …Cell Wall

21. FUNCTION: Photosynthesis: converts sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugar (makes food for plants) Chloroplasts

22. A large membrane bound sac FUNCTION: storage area for proteins and water Maintain structure in plant cells by means of turgor pressure Vacuole

23. very complex and dynamic cell component! organizes and maintains the cell's shape (e.g. epithelial cells of the gut) Allows organelles to remain in place or to move throughout cell helps during the uptake of external material (endocytosis) involvement in cell movement growth Cytoskeleton: a cell's scaffold

24. microtubulesmicrofilaments intermediate filaments tubulinactinkeratin family All help maintain cell shape Cilia, flagella Chromosome movement Organelle movement Cytoplasmic streaming Pseudopodia Cell division Nuclear lamina Anchorage of nucleus and some other organelles...Cytoskeleton

27. Molecular motors...Cytoskeleton

28. Macrophage attacks bacteria Microfilaments (actin) allow formation of pseudopods...Cytoskeleton

29. Striated Muscle...Cytoskeleton

30. Centrosome: Made up of centriole pairs...Cytoskeleton

31. Bibliography http://users.ipfw.edu/mustafaa/PQ_B100-02-ppt-Chapter4-Cell%20Structures%20and%20Functions.ppt http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://biology.dbs.umt.edu/biol101/labs/lab_6_images/sect05and02/cheek%25 20cell%25201000x.jpg&imgrefurl=http://biology.dbs.umt.edu/biol101/labs/lab_6_images/sect05and02/section_2and5 _cellimages.htm&h=768&w=1024&sz=316&tbnid=OxmCr18W6AQJ:&tbnh=112&tbnw=149&start=1&prev=/imag es%3Fq%3Dcheek%2Bcell%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D www.ops.org/burke/02science/organelles.ppt file:///C:/WINDOWS/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/UPK3G94Z/266,12,Diffusion http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol22000/11Organelles/images/F05-43A.JPG http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/nucleus.html http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/er.htm cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/ribosome.htm http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/golgi.htm