1. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3e Chapter 2: Neurons and Glia

2. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Introduction “Neurophilosophy” –Brain is the origin of mental abilities Glia and Neurons –Glia: Insulates, supports, and nourishes neurons –Neurons Process information Sense environmental changes Communicate changes to other neurons Command body response

3. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Neuron Doctrine Histology –Study of tissue structure –The Nissl Stain Facilitates the study of cytoarchitecture in the CNS

4. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Neuron Doctrine Golgi-stain (Developed by Camillo Golgi) shows two parts of neurons: –Soma and perikaryon –Neurites: Axons and dendrites

5. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Neuron Doctrine Cajal’s Contribution –Neural circuitry –Neurons communicate by contact, not continuity Neuron doctrine Neurons adhere to cell theory Based in Golgi stain

6. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Soma Cytosol: Watery fluid inside the cell Organelles: Membrane-enclosed structures within the soma Cytoplasm: Contents within a cell membrane (e.g., organelles, excluding the nucleus)

7. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

8. The Prototypical Neuron The Axon –Axon hillock (beginning) –Axon proper (middle) –Axon terminal (end) Differences between axon and soma –ER does not extend into axon –Protein composition: Unique

9. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Axon –The Axon Terminal Differences between the cytoplasm of axon terminal and axon No microtubules in terminal Presence of synaptic vesicles Abundance of membrane proteins Large number of mitochondria

10. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Axon –Synapse Synaptic transmission Electrical-to-chemical-to- electrical transformation Synaptic transmission dysfunction Mental disorders

11. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Axon –Axoplasmic transport –Anterograde (soma to terminal) vs. Retrograde (terminal to soma) transport

12. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron Dendrites –“Antennae” of neurons –Dendritic tree –Synapse - receptors –Dendritic spines Postsynaptic (receives signals from axon terminal)

13. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Classifying Neurons Classification Based on the Number of Neurites –Single neurite Unipolar –Two or more neurites Bipolar- two Multipolar- more than two

14. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Classifying Neurons Classification Based on Dendritic and Somatic Morphologies –Stellate cells (star-shaped) and pyramidal cells (pyramid-shaped) –Spiny or aspinous

15. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Classifying Neurons Further Classification –By connections within the CNS Primary sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons –Based on axonal length Golgi Type I (projection neurons) Golgi Type II (local interneurons) –Based on neurotransmitter type e.g., – Cholinergic = Acetycholine at synapses

16. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Glia Function of Glia –Supports neuronal functions Astrocytes –Most numerous glia in the brain –Fill spaces between neurons –Influence neurite growth –Regulate chemical content of extracellular space

17. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Glia Myelinating Glia –Oligodendroglia (in CNS) –Schwann cells (in PNS) –Insulate axons

18. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Glia Myelinating Glia (Cont’d) –Oligodendroglial cells –Node of Ranvier Region where the axonal membrane is exposed

19. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Glia Other Non-Neuronal Cells –Microglia as phagocytes (immune)

20. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Structural characteristics of a neuron tell us about its function NEURONS Soma Axons Dendrites Synapse Elaborate structure of dendritic tree = receiver e.g., Dense Nissl stain = protein; suggests specialization Structure Correlates with Function

21. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation

22. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Soma –Major site for protein synthesis Rough endoplasmic reticulum

23. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Nucleus –Gene expression –Transcription –RNA processing

24. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Soma –Protein synthesis also on free ribosomes; polyribosomes

25. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Soma –Smooth ER and Golgi Apparatus Sites for preparing/sorting proteins for delivery to different cell regions (trafficking) and regulating substances

26. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Soma –Mitochondrion Site of cellular respiration (inhale and exhale) Krebs cycle ATP- cell’s energy source

27. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Neuronal Membrane –Barrier that encloses cytoplasm –~5 nm thick –Protein concentration in membrane varies –Structure of discrete membrane regions influences neuronal function

28. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Prototypical Neuron The Cytoskeleton –Not static –Internal scaffolding of neuronal membrane –Three “bones” Microtubules Microfilaments Neurofilaments