1. PROTISTS

2. PROTISTS COMMON EXAMPLES: EUKARYOTIC VERY DIVERSE GROUP
Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, volvox, plasmodium
EUKARYOTIC
Have a nuclear membrane
VERY DIVERSE GROUP
most are unicellular, microscopic, aerobic
Some are autotrophic, heterotrophic, sexual, asexual

3. PROTISTS ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
Early eukaryotes developed symbiotic relationships with prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells lived inside eukaryotic cells
Over time, the smaller prokaryotic cells evolved with the eukaryotic cells to become mitochondria and chloroplasts

4. PROTISTS EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION RESPIRATION
Water balance = osmoregulation
Done by contractile vacuole
Wastes removed by diffusion
RESPIRATION
Carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out

5. PROTISTS REPRODUCTION Asexual Mitosis and cytokinesis
Budding – similar to mitosis except daughter cell is smaller than parent
Schizogony – nucleus divides many times and cytoplasm divides to form many daughter cells as there are nuclei

6. PROTISTS
SEXUALLY
Meiosis – special nuclear division to reduce chromosome number to haploid
Union of gametes = diploid zygote
Syngamy – fertilization between two individuals
Autogamy – two gametes fuse within one organism
Parthenogenesis – development of organism from gamete without fertilization
Conjugation – exchange of nuclear material between two individuals

7. PROTISTS DOMAIN EUKARYOTA KINGDOM PROTISTA
Any eukaryote that is not classified as a fungus, plant, or animal is a PROTIST

8. PROTISTS ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS = PROTOZOA PLANT LIKE PROTISTS = ALGAE
Classified by method of movement
PLANT LIKE PROTISTS = ALGAE
Classified by pigment color
FUNGUS LIKE PROTISTS = MOLDS
Classified by body form

9. PROTISTS PROTIST CLASSFICATION Separated by feeding habits (nutrition)
Autotrophic
Able to make own food
Photosynthetic – 30-40% of all photosynthesis worldwide is done by algae
Heterotrophic
Must eat other material
Unicellular
May be predators, decomposers, or parasites

10. PROTISTS PROTOZOA Heterotrophic Unicellular 4 groups Sarcodinians
Zooflagellates
Ciliophorans
Sporozoans

11. PROTISTS PHYLUM SARCODINA Aquatic, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape
Move by extending lobes of their cytoplasm
Pseudopods (false feet)
Plasmolemma – elastic cell membrane
Cytoplasm is divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm
Nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuole
Example: Amoeba proteus

12. PROTIST

13. PROTIST
LABEL THIS AMEOBA

14. PROTISTS PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA
Often called flagellates because they move using flagella
Absorb food by diffusion through cell membrane
Live off of dead or decaying organic matter or some are parasites
Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites (helps termite digest wood)
Trypanosoma – parasite of humans in Africa

15. PROTISTS

16. PROTISTS PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
Ciliates – found in fresh and salt water; usually free-living, most are larger than other protozoa
Pellicle, cilia, ectoplasm, endoplasm, food vacuole, contractile vacuole
Micronucleus (exchanged during conjugation)
Macronucleus (controls daily functions)

17. PROTISTS
TRICHOCYSTS – spindle shaped alternating between bases of cilia; used as anchor and to paralyze prey
Oral groove – shallow furrow on one side of cell used to gather food
Locomotion – cilia; avoiding reaction  contact with unfavorable conditions and will move away
Reacts to contact, temperature, gravity, water currents, electric currents, acidity and other chemicals

18. PROTISTS Reproduction Example = paramecium Mitosis every 6-12 hours
Conjugation – become sticky and adhere to each other at oral groove and exchange nuclear material
Example = paramecium

19. PROTIST

20. PROTISTS PHYLUM SPOROZOA Members cannot move
Reproduce by producing spores
All endoparasites
Have apical complexes (structures that aid in penetration of host cells or tissues)
Example: Plasmodium – causes malaria; carried by vector (female Anopheles mosquito)

21. PROTISTS

22. PROTISTS PLANT LIKE PROTISTS Most perform photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll in chloroplast and possibly other pigments
Divided into groups by pigment color
PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA
PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA
PHYLUM HETEROKONTOPHYTA
PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA

23. PROTIST PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA Usually free-living (not a parasite)
Pellicle – covering membrane; maintains shape
Ectoplasm, endoplasm
Cell mouth, gullet, reservoir (holds flagella), contractile vacuole, food vacuole
Stigma (eyespot) - light sensitive
Nucleus, chloroplasts

24. PROTISTS
Movement toward light using flagella; flagella pulls cell; euglenoid movement  expansion and contractions of entire cell
Nutrition – can capture food; can absorb nutrients from water or carry on photosynthesis
Reproduction – mitosis; form cyst during harsh times
Example: euglena; volvox

25. PROTISTS

26. PROTISTS PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA - GREEN ALGAE
Contain chlorophyll b is their main type (which is very similar to land plants)
Some reproduce sexually
Examples: desmids, spirogyra
Most live in fresh water or moist soil
Many live in symbiotic relationships
Lichen – organism composed of an algae and a fungi living together as one

27. PROTISTS

28. PROTISTS

29. PROTISTS

30. PROTISTS PHYLUM HETEROKONTOPHYTA RED ALGAE
Red algae, brown algae, golden algae
RED ALGAE
Grow in warm salt water habitats – toward surface or deep water
Perform photosynthesis
Example: Red moss

31. PROTISTS
BROWN ALGAE
Multicellular and live in cool salt water habitats
Includes giant kelps
Have an alternation of generations life cycle (means that part of life is spent reproducing asexually and part is spent reproducing sexually)

32. PROTISTS Used to make a variety of products
As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream
Used as food for animals (processed)

34. PROTISTS GOLDEN ALGAE –
Some species are colorless, but the vast majority are photosynthetic.
particularly important in lakes, where they may be the primary source of food for zooplankton.
not considered truly autotrophic because nearly all become heterotrophic in the absence of adequate light, or in the presence of plentiful dissolved food.
EXAMPLES - DIATOMS

36. PROTISTS PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA (termed Pyrrophyta in your book)
Nearly all have flagella
Most grow in salt water
Most are free-living (meaning they are not parasites); some have symbiotic relationships with other organisms
When agitated undergo reaction that produces light  bioluminescent

37. PROTISTS
DINOFLAGELLATE

38. PROTISTS Cause the red tide
Several microscopic marine algae are notoriously poisonous to hapless humans who consume them in shellfish.
some species are poisonous to animals which feed upon them directly or indirectly. Some of the toxins these species produce are seriously toxic. Often, the algae themselves are unaffected, as are the filter feeders, especially shellfish, for whom micro-algae are the principal diet. However, to carnivores further up the food chain, including humans, these toxins are potentially FATAL.

39. PROTISTS

40. PROTISTS FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS (MOLDS) DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS
CHARACTERISTICS
MOST ARE SMALL AND LIVE IN DAMP PLACES
PROTISTS THAT ACT AS DECOMPOSERS ARE CALLED MOLDS
DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS
PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
WATER MOLDS

41. PROTISTS PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
Can weigh as much as 50 grams and be as large as a human hand (one cell!)
Single cell with many nuclei
In unfavorable conditions
Moves somewhere else
Creates a fruiting body

42. Myxomycota - plasmodium

43. PROTISTS CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
ALTERNATES BETWEEN A SPORE PRODUCING FRUITING BODY FORM AND AN AMEBALIKE FEEDING FORM
SINGLE CELLS UNITE TO FORM ONE LARGE MASS (PSEUDOPLASMODIUM) WHEN TIMES ARE HARSH

44. The phyla of slime molds:

45. PROTISTS WATER MOLDS DECOMPOSERS IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
SOME ARE PARASITIC

46. PROTISTS IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS ECOLOGICAL ROLES
Provide an essential food base in aquatic food chains
Carry out more than 30-40% of Earth’s photosynthesis
Protozoans help keep the number of bacteria in check