1. Cell Structure
Organelles

2. Recall the Characteristics of Life
All Living things share the following:
Cells
Organization
Energy use
Homeostasis
Growth/Development
Reproduction

3. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the only characteristic that cannot be found in non-living things. Because of their importance, much cell research has taken place and been compiled into the cell theory:
All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism.
Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.

4. 2 Levels of Organization
Molecular and Cellular
Macromolecules are organized into structures called organelles. Organelles working together make up a cell.
One cell has all it needs to carry out all life processes.
The organelles carry out all of the functions of life.

5. How is a single, tiny little cell able to do so much?
Each organelle in the cell performs a specific function.
Remember, all cells have
A cell membrane
DNA (genetic information)
cytoplasm
Only eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

6. Macromolecules Four macromolecules make up all the organelles:
Proteins
Lipids (fats)
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates

7. CELL MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE: Organized in a bilayer. Outer portion is hydrophilic and inner is hydrophobic. Mostly made of lipids (phospholipids) and proteins.
FUNCTION: the cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and physically separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment. Allows needed materials to pass through.
Analogy: security guard or border control
Found in: ALL cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

8. Cheek Cell
Cell Membrane
Nuclear membrane
Nucleus

9. CELL WALL
Function: Gives cells Rigidity and Strength, and offers protection and overall provides skeletal support.
Structure: Composed of cellulose, a type of carbohydrate. The structure is rigid, yet flexible, and it will bend rather than hold a shape, like when a plant wilts.
Analogy: Brick walls of a builiding
Found in: Prokaryotic and Plant cells

10. Cell Wall

11. The cytoplasm contains the organelles of a cell
Structure: The cytoplasm is the region of the cell between the membrane and the nucleus. It consists of a gelatin-like fluid which “bathes” the organelles.
It is a solution with dissolved salts, minerals, etc.
Function: Region where most of the cell’s activities are carried out.
Analogy: Jell-O with fruit pieces in it
Found in: ALL Cells

12. Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm

13. Mitochondria
Structure: Mitochondria has two membranes. The outer membrane is smooth. The inner membrane is folded to allow more room for chemical reactions to occur.
Function: Mitochondria break down compounds from food to release usable energy for the cell
Analogy: Power Plant- converts energy to a usable form.
Found in: Plant and Animal Cells

14. Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Cell Membrane

15. Ribosomes
Function-Ribosomes are responsible for translating code from mRNA and making proteins.
Structure- Ribosomes are made up of proteins and RNA and consist of two parts, a large subunit and a small subunit. Some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum; others float freely in the cytoplasm.
Found in: ALL cells
Analogy: Construction workers

16. Ribosome

17. Ribosomes

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure: Membranous network of sac-like structures that are connected by cytoskeleton (Rough ER has ribosomes on it)
Function: Transports materials within cells (an intracellular highway) -Rough ER has a role in protein synthesis -Smooth ER synthesizes (makes) lipids, breaks down toxic substances
Analogy: factory; conveyor belts, machines, etc.
Found in: Plant and Animal Cells

19. Golgi Body
Structure: It is a network of flattened and stacked membrane-bound sacs found within cells
Function: The golgi body stores, packages, and distributes the proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum
Analogy: shipping department, Post Office
Found in: Plant and Animal Cells

20. Rough ER
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Smooth ER

21. Lysosomes
Structure- lysosomes are spherical organelles contained by a single-layer membrane containing digestive enzymes inside
Function- Lysosomes contain the enzymes for breakdown of worn out cell parts.

22. Lysosomes Analogy: garbage/waste disposal.
Found in: Plant and Animal Cells

23. Lysosomes

25. Cytoskeleton
Functions- It maintains the cell’s shape and helps in the movement of the organelles.
Structures- Flexible scaffold-like structure made up of microfilaments, microtubules, and proteins.
Analogy: frame of a car/house.
Found in: ALL cells

26. Cytoskeleton

27. Nucleus
Structure: It has a double-layered membrane. It has large pores through which materials pass back and forth.
Function: The nucleus directs all activity in the cell, controls the growth and reproduction of the cell, and contains the blueprints of the cell in the DNA.
Analogy: county office that stores the original building blueprints. “Brain”, stores info and sends out messages.
Found in: Plant and Animal Cells

28. Nuclear membrane
Nucleus

30. Cilia FUNCTION: The cilia generate water currents STRUCTURE:
In eukaryotic cells, cilia and flagella contain proteins and microtubules, which are composed of linear polymers of globular proteins called tubulin.
Analogy: cilia are like fans
Cilia found in: Animal Cells

31. Cilia

32. Flagella
FUNCTION:
Flagella are used primarily for movement of single cells.
STRUCTURE:
In eukaryotic cells, cilia and flagella contain proteins and microtubules, which are composed of linear polymers of globular proteins called tubulin.
Analogy: flagella are like boat rudders
Flagella found in: Animal and Prokaryotic Cells

33. Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell
Flagella
Animal Sperm Cell
Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell

34. Animal and Plant Cells Share Many Structures in Common
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

35. Plant cells and Animal cells have some key differences:
A cell wall
Vacuole
Plastids (Chloroplasts)

36. Vacuole Structure: Large sac surrounded by a membrane
Function: Stores salts, minerals, nutrients, water, etc. and plays an important structural role for plants
Analogy: Warehouse
Found in: Plant cells and animal cells (very tiny)

37. Plastids (Chloroplasts)
Structure: Surrounded by double-membrane, contains chlorophyll
Function: contain pigments, capture energy from the sun to make organic compounds (food), may store food (starch)
Analogy: solar panels
Found in: Plant cells

38. Cell Wall
Chloroplast

39. Cell Wall
Nucleus