1. Protein Synthesis Making Proteins

2. Bodies  Cells  DNA Bodies are made up of cells
All cells run on a set of instructions spelled out in DNA

3. DNA  Cells  Bodies How does DNA code for cells & bodies?
how are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA

4. DNA  Proteins  Cells  Bodies
____________________________________
_____________
proteins
cells
DNA gets all the glory, Proteins do all the work
bodies

5. How do proteins do all the work
____________________
proteins run living organisms
__________________
control all chemical reactions in living organisms
all living organisms are built out of proteins

6. Cell organization DNA ________________________
genes = instructions for making proteins
want to keep it there = protected
“locked in the vault”
nucleus
nucleus

7. Cell organization Proteins ___________________________
________________________________________
cytoplasm
nucleus
build proteins
nucleus

8. Passing on DNA information
Need to get DNA gene information from nucleus to cytoplasm
___________________________
cytoplasm
nucleus
build proteins
nucleus
ribosome

9. From nucleus to cytoplasm
______________
DNA
mRNA
protein
________________
trait
nucleus
cytoplasm

10. DNA vs. RNA _______ _______ deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases
_____________
C : G
________________
_______
ribose sugar
nitrogen bases
_____________
C : G
________________

11. Transcription _____________________
DNA strand is the template (pattern)
match bases
U : A
G : C
Enzyme
RNA polymerase

12. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Double stranded DNA unzips T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T

13. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Double stranded DNA unzips T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T

14. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Match RNA bases to DNA bases on one of the DNA strands C U G A G U G U C U G C A A C U A A G C
RNA
polymerase U A G A C C T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T

15. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
U instead of T is matched to A
DNA
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
mRNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
ribosome U C A G

16. cytoplasm
protein
nucleus
ribosome
trait U C A G

17. How does mRNA code for proteins
mRNA leaves nucleus
mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm
____________________________________
How?
mRNA U C A G aa

18. How does mRNA code for proteins?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
ribosome
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA ?
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
protein aa
How can you code for 20 amino acids with only 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)?

19. mRNA codes for proteins in triplets
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
codons
ribosome
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA ?
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
protein
________________________________

20. The mRNA code For ALL life! Code has duplicates Start codon
strongest support for a common origin for all life
Code has duplicates
several codons for each amino acid
mutation insurance!
Strong evidence for a single origin in evolutionary theory.
Start codon
AUG
methionine
Stop codons
UGA, UAA, UAG

21. How are the codons matched to amino acids?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
codon
UAC
Met
GCA
Arg
tRNA
CAU
Val
anti-codon
amino acid
________________________________

22. mRNA to protein = Translation
__________________________________
ribosome
mRNA U C A G aa
tRNA G U aa
tRNA U A C aa
tRNA G A C
tRNA aa A G U

23. mRNA protein DNA trait From gene to protein tRNA _______________aa
_______________
_______________
mRNA
protein
DNA
ribosome U C A G
tRNA aa
trait
nucleus
cytoplasm

24. cytoplasm
transcription
transcription
transcription
nucleus
transcription

25. From gene to protein
protein
transcription
translation

26. Whoops! See what happens when your genes don’t work right!
Any Questions??