1. DNA, RNA, to Protein

2. So far, we have discussed
DNA  DNA
This was called _______________.
The basic idea is that we are copying the DNA.
But, how does DNA store hereditary information?????

3. DNA stores all of the instructions needed to make all of the proteins in an organism.
 Its makes you, who you physically are!!!!

4. The Flow of genetic information in cells:
DNA  RNA  protein
Location:
Nucleus nucleus to cytoplasm cytoplasm

5. What is RNA?? STRUCTURE Single stranded Sugar is ribose Nitrogen bases
A nucleic acid
STRUCTURE
Single stranded
Sugar is ribose
Nitrogen bases
Adenine – Uracil
Cytosine – Guanine
Journal: How is RNA structurally different from DNA?

6. What are some differences between RNA and DNA?
Sugar is ribose
One strand
Uracil
Can be found in the nucleus or the cytoplasm
Sugar is deoxyribose
Two strands
Thymine
Can only be found in the nucleus

7. 3 types of RNA mRNA (messenger RNA) rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
Sends information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
Assembles the amino acids to make proteins
tRNA (transfer RNA)
Delivers amino acids to the ribosome

8. What is Protein Synthesis and where does it take place?
The making of proteins and it takes place on the ribosomes

9. DNA  RNA  protein step 1 step 2
Step 1: Transcription - DNA to RNA Step 2: Translation- RNA to Proteins

10. Transcription The process of creating an RNA copy from DNA
Where does Transcription take place?
The nucleus

11. How does Transcription happen?
In the nucleus, enzymes unzip a part of DNA that is to be transcribed
RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the DNA strand pair up.
The RNA nucleotides bond to each other creating a single strand
The RNA breaks away and heads for the cytoplasm
The DNA zips back up.

13. RNA Processing
Not all parts of DNA carry information (give direction for making protein) Introns: Non-coding parts of DNA Exons: Coding parts of DNA New RNA contains both parts, Introns and Exons, but the Intron are removed before the mRNA leaves the nucleus! (This is RNA Processing)

15. The mRNA message
Codon: group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that codes for 1 amino acid.
What does the RNA codon
AUG
code for?

16. Translation
The process of converting the mRNA message into an amino acid sequence (protein)
Where does Translation take place?
On ribosomes in the cytoplasm

17. What joins the amino acids together to form a protein?
A peptide bond joins amino acids to make a polypeptide chain.

18. Where do the amino acids come from floating in the cytosol of our cells?
The food we eat
(proteins)

19. What are some important proteins that we make?
Functional Proteins
Hemoglobin -found in our red blood cells; function in carrying oxygen
Antibodies -help fight off viruses and bacteria that invade the body.
Enzymes -control chemical reactions in the body.

20. What are some important proteins that we make?
Structural Proteins
Keratin -water proofing protein on our skin.
Actin and Myosin -proteins which make up our muscles
Collagen- found in cartilage and other connective tissue

21. Journal What are the DNA to RNA base paring rules???? DNA to RNA A  U
C  G
G C

22. Transcription/ Translation Practice
Transcribe the DNA to RNA
Translate the resulting RNA sequence into the amino acid sequence
DNA: TAC AAA GCT TCA GGC CCT GAT ATC
mRNA: AUG
Amino
Acids:

23. Transcription/ Translation Practice
Transcribe the DNA to RNA
Translate the resulting RNA sequence into the amino acid sequence
DNA: TAC AAA GCT TCA GGC CCT GAT ATC
mRNA: AUG
Amino
Acids: MET

24. Transcription/ Translation Prcatice
Transcribe the DNA to RNA
Translate the resulting RNA sequence into the amino acid sequence
DNA: TAC AAA GCT TCA GGC CCT GAT ATC
mRNA: AUG UUU CGA AGU CCG GGA CUA UAG
Amino
Acids: Met Phe Arg Ser Pro Gly Lue Stop

25. Time to practice!!!!