1. Cell Review

2. The Diversity of Cells in the Human Body

3. Over 200 different types of cells in the human body, all of them specialized to perform a specific function.

4. All human cells are EUKARYOTIC, meaning they are large, complex cells with a nucleus and specialized organelles.

5. Every organelle performs a specific function.

6. Nucleus Place where chromosomes are stored.
In humans, 46 chromosomes contains approx genes. 1 gene codes for one protein only!
Manufacture of mRNA & tRNA necessary to build coded proteins.
Figure 4.8a

8. Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER & RER)
RER: Building and modification of proteins in ribosomes.
SER: Synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates, other cell-specific functions (detoxification of toxins and alcohols in liver cells. In testes, testosterone secretion).

9. MAKING PROTEINS DNA contains the instructions to make proteins.1
Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus.
mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Figure 5.26 DNA → RNA → protein
DNA contains the instructions to make proteins.
1 gene = 1 protein.
Instructions coding for the amino acid sequence of a
protein are copied to a molecule of mRNA.

10. DNA 1 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM mRNA 2
Figure 5.26 DNA → RNA → protein 2
Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore.

11. DNA 1 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus. mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM mRNA 2
Figure 5.26 DNA → RNA → protein 2
Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore.
Ribosome 3
Synthesis
of protein.
Amino
acids
Protein

12. Rough & Smooth ER Nucleus Rough ER Ribosomes Smooth ER Cytoplasm
Protein factories.
Smooth ER
Lipids & carbohydrates synthesized here.
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane

13. Golgi Apparatus
Fine-tuning, folding and final modifications to proteins. Sorting and packing of finished materials.
cis face
(“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus)
0.1 µm
Figure 6.13 The Golgi apparatus
trans face
(“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus)
TEM of Golgi apparatus

14. Golgi Nucleus Rough ER Ribosomes Smooth ER Vesicles Golgi
Protein factories
Smooth ER
Lipids & carbohydrates
synthesized here.
Vesicles
Transport materials
Golgi
Modifies proteins. Ships proteins away.
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
Plasma membrane
Lysosome
Clean-up crew; contains enzymes.

15. Breakdown (digestion)
Lysosomes
Clean-up crew.
Breakdown (digestion)
of ingested food material (specialized lysosomes only in animal cells).
Disposal of old, worn out
organelles.
Nucleus
1 µm
Lysosome
Digestive enzymes
Figure 6.14a Lysosome—phagocytosis
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Digestion
Food vacuole
Digestion

16. two damaged organelles 1 µm
Vesicle containing
two damaged organelles
1 µm
Mitochondrion fragment
Peroxisome fragment
Figure 6.14b Lysosomes—autophagy
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Digestion
Mitochondrion
Vesicle
Destruction of old organelles

17. Mitochondrium
Cellular power plants. Production of ATP from glucose molecules using oxygen.
Figure 4.17b

18. Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape, supports and anchors organelles, and allows transport of materials.

20. Plasma Membrane
A flexible barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell. Contains ID proteins used by the immune system.

21. Lipid structure
1 glycerol molecule, up to 3 fatty acids.

22. Made of phospholipids.
1 fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group.

23. PHOSPHOLIPIDS WATER Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER
Figure 7.2 Phospholipid bilayer (cross section)
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER

24. Channel & carrier proteins allow materials to move in and out of the cell.
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE
Figure 7.8 The structure of a transmembrane protein
CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE

25. NATURE ABHORS GRADIENTS!
Figure 5.6
Gradient: a difference in concentration.
Diffusion: the movement of particles from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration until an equilibrium is reached.

26. Membrane (cross section)
Molecules of dye
Membrane (cross section)
WATER
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
(a) Diffusion of one solute
Figure 7.11 The diffusion of solutes across a membrane
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
(b) Diffusion of two solutes

28. Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport
Active transport
(Na+/K+ pump)
Na+
Figure 7.17 Review: passive and active transport
ATP
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion K+

29. Some proteins are ID proteins, used by the immune system to identify friend from foe.