1. Cells Chapter 7

2. Cell consists of nucleus and cytoplasm. In cytoplasm - organelles (“little organs”)

3. Cell membrane – boundary of cell. Membrane thin but selectively permeable (allows certain materials to pass through but not others).

4. http://www.geosciences.unl.edu/~dbennett/images/Cell_membrane.gif

5. Membrane has receptors that help receive messages (i.e. hormones) Called phospholipid bilayer (composed of phospholipids); also various proteins in membrane.

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane

7. 1 Endoplasmic Reticulum – increased surface area for reactions to take place. A Rough ER – Makes proteins (holds ribosomes) B Smooth ER – Makes lipids.

8. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/endoplasmicreticulum/images/endoplasmicreticulumfigure1.jpg

9. 2 Ribosomes – some attached to rough ER (bound); some scattered throughout cytoplasm (free). Function - protein synthesis.

10. http://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0105_Miller/read/ribosomes/ribosomes.jpg

11. 3 Golgi apparatus – proteins modified and packaged, then sent into cytoplasm.

12. http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/cb/org/golgi.gif Modified protein

13. 4 Mitochondria – cellular respiration. Transform glucose into form of energy cell can use.

14. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/images/mitochondriafigure1.jpg

15. 5 Lysosomes – contain enzymes that break down molecules of foreign particles (“garbage cans” of cell)

16. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/images/lysosomesfigure1.jpg

17. 6 Centrosome – consists of 2 hollow cylinders (centrioles) - function in reproduction by separating chromosomes to new cells.

18. http://www.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1151/Locked/media/ch06/06_22CentrosomeStructur.jpg

19. 7 Cilia and 8 flagella – extensions of cells; used for cell movement. Flagella - longer and fewer. Cilia - smaller and more numerous.

20. http://pediatrics.med.unc.edu/div/infectdi/pcd/images/cilia.jpg Respiratory cilia

21. http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/f/flagella/support.gif

22. 9 Vacuoles – vesicles found in cell that have various functions. A Food vacuole – breakdown of food. B Central vacuole – storage of waste. C Contractile vacuole – removal of water (osmoregulation).

23. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantvacuolesfigure1.jpg

24. 10 Microfilaments and microtubules – responsible for movement within cell (also responsible for structure)

25. http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/art0053.jpg

26. 11 Nucleus – center of cell. Covered by nuclear envelope with pores to allow substances to pass through. Contains 12 nucleolus (ribosome production) and chromatin (loose DNA).

27. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/images/nucleusfigure1.jpg

28. Movement through cells Passive does not require energy. 4 passive movements (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration). 1 Diffusion – molecules or ions spread randomly from area of high concentration to area of low.

29. http://epswww.unm.edu/coursinf/eps462/graphics/diffusion.gif

30. Particles will move until equilibrium reached (both sides equal). Happens in lungs; O 2, CO 2 move by diffusion to be exchanged with air.

31. 2 Facilitated diffusion - substance too large to cross cell membrane. Special protein carrier allows substance to pass through membrane.

32. http://w3.uokhsc.edu/human_physiology/presentation/facildiffani.gif

33. 3 Osmosis - movement of water only from area of high to low. If substance has higher [ ] of solute - hypertonic. If lower [ ] - hypotonic. Isotonic means they are even.

34. http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/hypertonic.gif

35. http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/hypotonic.gif

36. http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/isotonic.gif

37. Filtration –molecules forced through membranes (result of blood pressure)

38. Active movement – requires energy. Active transport – movement from area of low [ ] to high [ ]. Requires pumps (a.k.a carrier molecules) to cross membrane.

39. http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/antiport.gif

40. 2 processes – no crossing membrane. 1 Endocytosis – substances fuse with membrane, brought into cell. 2 Exocytosis – substances move out of cell (2 types).

41. A Pinocytosis – cell lets out small droplets of liquid. B Phagocytosis – cell lets out solids.

42. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/endocytosis.gif

43. http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/biology107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/images/PhagoAnA.gif

44. http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/endocytosissmall.jpg

45. Cell Cycle Life cycle of cell - cell cycle. Interphase is the first part of the cell cycle. It is the period of preparing for cell division. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and is divided into four phases.

46. http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/CellBiology/TheCellCycle/cellcycle.gif

47. Prophase - The chromosomes appear in nucleus from chromatin. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. Metaphase - The newly formed chromosomes line up midway between the centrioles and attach spindle fibers to the centrioles.

48. Prophase http://sst.nsu.edu/bio110/exams/Prophase_Quiz.jpg

49. http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/jonesc/pictures/metaphase.jpg

50. Anaphase - The chromosomes begin to separate into chromatids. Telophase - The chromatids are now separate in their new cells.

51. http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/anaphase.jpg Anaphase

52. http://iws.ccccd.edu/jbeck/CellDivision%20web/Telophase.JPG Telophase

53. After the nucleus has divided, cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) occurs. This is the last phase of the cell cycle. The two cells are now completely separated.

54. This will break and the cells will be separated. http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/D/d756b5b73abe2974f3521a828791899f/cytokinesis.gif

55. Cell differentiation occurs to allow cells to become specialized.