1. DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/mRNA.gif

2. Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Structure of DNA Section 12-1 DNA – base pairs carry the genetic code for the sequence of the amino acids Nucleotide

3. Nucleotides in the DNA strand carry the code for proteins Image by: Riedell

4. Purines (2 rings) Pyrimidines (1 ring) A G C T Phosphate group Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogen bases =“Steps of ladder” © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

5. A G C T Phosphate group Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogen bases =“Steps of ladder” © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved ADENINE GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE

6. CHARGAFF’S RULES A = T G = C Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif _________ At time no one knew why… now we know its because Adenine always bonds across with____________ Guanine always bonds across with ____________ THYMINE CYTOSINE

7. RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved DNA is safely stored in the nucleus. mRNA (messenger RNA) brings a copy of the code out to the cytoplasm.

8. RNA DNA RNA polymerase Transcription - Making a copy of the DNA code Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) Enzyme called RNA polymerase separates strands of DNA, then uses one strand as a template to assemble an mRNA copy. mRNA will carry the “script” out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm

9. RNA- the Other Nucleic Acid Also made of nucleotides Sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA is single stranded, instead of doubled stranded. Contains uracil instead of thymine. http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg

10. –Noun –The action of copying or reproducing something. –A copy. Synonyms –reply - rejoinder - answer - response - replica - copy Done only by DNA Nucleus of the eukaryotic cells Replication

11. Transcription –Noun –A written or printed representation of something. –The action or process of transcribing something. Synonyms –transcript – re-write –Done by the mRNA –Nucleus of an eukaryotic cell –Contains the codon

12. Translation –Noun –The process of translating words or text from one language into another. –A written or spoken rendering of the meaning of a word or system. Synonyms rendering - rendition – interpretation –Done by tRNA –Contains the anticodon –Contains the amino acid

13. MASTER PLAN DNA stays safe in nucleus TRANSCRIPTION (DNA → RNA) & PROCESSING (remove interons) takes place in nucleus TRANSLATION (RNA → proteins) takes place on ribosomes in cytoplasm © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved “Blueprints” of master plan are carried to building site http://www.home-improvement-resource.com/images/architect.jpg

14. Translation - Translating the base pair codes into an amino acid sequence mRNA – the copy of the code sequence of base pairs tRNA – carries the amino acid to the ribosome as coded for in the mRNA – codons code for specific amino acids.

15. ___________ on tRNA matches up with ________ on mRNA Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved ANTICODON CODON EACH tRNA carries only one kind of _____________ amino acid

16. HOW CAN JUST 4 BASES GIVE DIRECTIONS TO MAKE 20 AMINO ACIDS? Message is read in groups of 3 = _________ UCGCACGGU UCG-CAC-GGU CODON Codons represent different amino acids Serine- Histidine- Glycine

18. The m RNA Code 64 possible codons Some amino acids have more than one codon. START= _______ 3 codons for _____ AUG STOP

20. Translation Translating the base pair codes into an amino acid sequence

21. Translation (continued)

22. Summary of protein synthesis DNA strand in nucleus RNA message copied from DNA Occurs in the nucleus Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome mRNA moves out to cytoplasm

23. A graphic to show you translation to sequence the protein ribosome codon carries a specific amino acid depending upon its code

25. Gel electrophoresis is a widely used technique for separating electrically charged molecules. It is a central technique in molecular biology and genetics laboratories, because it lets researchers separate and purify the nucleic acids DNA and RNA and proteins, so they can be studied individually.purify Gel electrophoresis is often followed by staining or blotting procedures used to identify the separated molecules. blotting Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/gel-electrophoresis#ixzz1pgFnADfNhttp://www.answers.com/topic/gel-electrophoresis#ixzz1pgFnADfN What is Gel Electrophoresis?

26. Gel Electrophoresis

29. Test March 4 th & 5 th Please Study!