1. Cells Structure and Function Chapter 7

2. Lipid monomer = gylcerol and fatty acids
Identify the class of lipids that form biological membranes (cell membrane)?
Phospholipids
Lipid monomer = gylcerol and fatty acids

3. Explain what it means to be a polar molecule

4. Distinguish between the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic

5. Do you remember any of the eight characteristics of living things?
Living things are based on a universal genetic code (DNA)
Living things grow and develop
Living things respond to their environment (stimulus)
Living things reproduce
Living things maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis)
Living things obtain and use material and energy (metabolism)
Living things are made up of CELLS
Taken as a group, living things evolve over time

6. Some short videos/songs for Cell Theory
History and Scientists of Cell Theory
Cell Theory Rap :)

7. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Developed the first microscope

8. Robert Hooke (1665)
English physicist used a primitive compound microscope to look at plant tissue (stems, wood, and cork).
Discovered cells
He called the chambers “cells” because they reminded him of the small rooms in a monastery

9. Robert Brown
Discovered the nucleus

10. Mathias Schleiden
Stated that all plants are made of cells

11. Theodor Schwann
Stated that all animals are made of cells

12. Rudolf Virchow (1855)
Stated that all cells arise from the division of preexisting cells

13. The Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things
All cells come from preexisting cells

14. Two Types of Cells:

15. Two Types of Cells:
Prokaryotic Cell or Prokaryote – unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
pro = before; karyon = nucleus or kernel
contain cell membranes and cytoplasm but no nucleus
DNA is scattered through cytoplasm
examples: bacteria

16. Two categories of cells
Eukaryotic Cell or Eukaryote – organism whose cells contain a nucleus ( plant and animal)
eu = true; karyon = nucleus or kernel
contain a nucleus that holds DNA and membrane bound organelles that have specific functions
examples: all plants, animals, some fungi, some microorganisms

17. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotes:
Eukaryotes:
No Nucleus (Nucleoid)
No membrane-bound organelles
“O” shaped chromosome (plasmid)
Have a Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
“X” shaped chromosomes

18. Two categories of cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
-Nucleus
-Unicellular
-No Nucleus
-Complex
-Cell wall (plants and bacteria)
-Membrane bound organelles
-Less complex
-Smaller Ribosomes less complex
-Cell membrane
-Multicellular
-DNA
- Ribosomes larger and complex
-Cytoplasm
-DNA is circular
-Ribosomes
-DNA is X shaped
-Living things
0.1-10µm
10-100µm

19. Animal Cell - Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Plant Cell - Eukaryotic
Animal Cell - Eukaryotic

20. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

21. Cell Organelles

22. How small are cells? How much is a micrometer?
1 micrometer (µm) = 1/1,000,000 m
Typical cell size = 5 to 50 µm in diameter
In a dice that is 1 cm3
We could fit 1,000,000 cells
Cells Alive

23. How small are cells?

24. Cell Organelles: specialized structures that perform a specific function inside of a cell
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
Vacuole
Lysosome
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Cilia & Flagella

25. Cytoplasm: Found: between the nucleus and the cell membrane
Structure: a clear “jelly-like” material
Function: supports the organelles

26. Nucleus: control center of the cell
Found: in the cytoplasm near middle of cell
Structure: filled with chromatin (tightly coiled DNA)
Function: Stores hereditary information (DNA)
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, but they do contain DNA

27. Chromatin and Chromosomes:
Inside the nucleus are fine strands of chromatin = a complex of DNA bound to protein
Chromatin coil up and become densely packed, forming chromosomes
Chromosomes are visible under a microscope when a cell divides

28. Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope:
Nucleolus – small dense region within the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized
Nuclear Envelope – double membrane (lipid bilayer) that surrounds the nucleus -allows materials to move out of the nucleus
Nuclear Pore – allows RNA and proteins out of the nucleus

29. Vacuole: Found: in the cytoplasm
Structure: sac-like, fluid-filled organelles
Plant cells, there is a single large central vacuole filled with fluid - can occupy up to 90% of the cell’s volume
Animal cells – much smaller
Function: storage structure (water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates)
Animal
Animal
Plant

30. Paramecium’s Contractile Vacuole
Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water out of the cell – controls the water content of the organism
Paramecium Contractile Vacuole

31. Lysosomes: Found: In the cytoplasm
Structure: Small enzyme filled organelles
Function: Breakdown large organic molecules, and old nonfunctioning organelles
Removes “junk” that would clutter the cell
Known as the “Clean Up Crew”
Found in animal cells and specialized
plant cells
Some humans have diseases that
result from lysosomes that fail to
function properly.

32. Cytoskeleton: Found: Throughout the cell
Structure: A network of protein filaments
Microtubules (25 nm)
Microfilaments (7nm)
Function: Gives cells structure; helps to maintain shape & size; involved in cell movement
Helps to transport materials between different parts of the cell
Network of protein strands (scaffold)

33. Microfilaments: Thin threads made of actin (structural protein)
Supports the cell
Contribute to cell movement

34. Microtubules: Larger strands; hollow tubes made of tubulin (proteins)
Maintain cell shape
Important in cell division – forms the mitotic spindle which helps to separate chromosomes
Form centrioles in animal cells
Help build cilia and flagella

35. Centrioles: Found: Within the cytoplasm only in animal cells
Structure: Made of a microtubules (tubulin)
arranged in 9 groups of 3
Function: Used to organize cell division (mitosis) 9 8 1 7 2 6 3 5 4

36. Centrioles - Mitosis

38. Cilia: Short hairs present in large numbers
Propel unicellular organisms
Line cells of respiratory tract

39. Flagella: Longer hairs that are less numerous Found on sperm cells
Whip back and forth

41. Ribosomes:
Found: Most numerous organelle – found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells
Structure: Small and grain-like, made of large and small subunits; not surrounded by a membrane
Function: Produce PROTEINS by following coded instructions that come from DNA
Made of RNA and protein in the nucleolus & transported to the cytoplasm

43. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
Found: just outside the nucleus
Structure: System of membranous tubules & sacs
Function: Moves molecules from one part of the cell to another
Intracellular Highway

44. Rough ER: Dotted with ribosomes Involved in the synthesis of proteins
Abundant in cells that make large amounts of protein

45. Smooth ER: Does not have ribosomes attached
Contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks (i.e. detoxifying - liver)

46. Golgi Apparatus: Found: in the cytoplasm
Structure: Processing, packaging, and secreting organelle
Function: Modifies, sorts and packages proteins and other materials for storage or release
Works with the ER
Modifies proteins for export

49. Mitochondria: Found: in the cytoplasm
Function: Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use – “powerhouse” of the cell
Transfer energy to ATP (main energy currency)
Surrounded by two membranes and contain DNA
Most numerous in cells with
high energy requirements
(liver & muscle)
How Cells Obtain Energy

50. Chloroplast: Found: Only in the cytoplasm of plant cells
Structure: Stack of membranes that contain photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll)
Function: Capture energy from the sun& convert it to chemical energy (food) - photosynthesis
Surrounded by two membranes and contain DNA
Contains the green pigment chlorophyll
Plastid – major organelle found in plant and algae cells. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's color. Plastids can also store products like starch, fat, protein and can synthesize fatty acids.

51. Cell Wall: Found: Rigid structure outside the cell membrane
Structure: Made of cellulose
Function: Supports and protects the cell
Found only in plant cells

52. Cell Membrane: Found: Located around the perimeter of the cell
Structure: Made primarily of lipids and proteins
Function: Regulates what leaves and enters the cell and provides protection and support
Selectively permeable

53. Fluid Mosaic Model:

54. Components of Cell Membrane:
Phospholipids – polar head & nonpolar tails
Integral Proteins – imbedded in lipid bilayer; usually have carbohydrates attached to them
Peripheral Proteins – surface only

55. Animal Cell:

56. Plant Cell:

57. Animal Cell - Label Centriole Cell membrane Cytoplasm Lysosome
Rough ER
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Smooth ER
Nuclear envelope
Ribosomes
Vacuole
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria

58. Plant Cell - Label Cytoplasm Cell wall Plastid Cell membrane Vacuole
Nucleus
Rough ER
Nucleolus
Smooth ER
Nuclear envelope
Ribosomes
Chloroplast
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria

59. Plant and Animal Cell Comparison

60. Classification – Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera):
1. Archaea (love extreme cold or heat – food is diverse)
2. Bacteria – regular prokaryotes
Eukaryotes: Everything else (plant, animal, fungi, ciliates, etc.)

61. Great websites to check out!
Interactive Cell Models – Cells Alive
Inside a Cell – Learn.Genetics (University of Utah)
Video – BBC Secret Universe: The Hidden Life of the Cell
Video – Inside the Cell