1. DNA

2. What is the genetic code
DNA is the genetic code

3. What does the “code” code for?
DNA codes for genes which contain the information on how to make proteins.

4. What is the shape of DNA?

5. What is the job of DNA
To hold the genetic or heredity information for a living organism

6. What is the monomer that makes up DNA?
The mononmer of DNA is the
Nucleotide

7. What is the shape of DNA?
Double Helix

8. What are the parts of the nucleotide?

9. What are the parts of the nucleotide?
Phosphate
Sugar
Base

10. What is the DNAs job?

11. What is the DNAs job?
Molecule that stores genetic information in all organisms

12. What kind of bonds are there in DNA?

13. What kind of bonds are there in DNA?
Covalent-appear between the phosphate and the sugar (deoxyribose)
Hydrogen- appear between the nitrogen bases

14. What are the four bases of DNA?

15. What are the four bases of DNA?
Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine

16. What is the base pairing rules of DNA?

17. What is the base pairing rules of DNA?
C=G

18. What is the difference between a pyrimidine and a purine?

19. What is the difference between a pyrimidine and a purine?
Pyrimidine- Single ring
Purine-Double ring

20. When do cells replicate?

21. When do cells replicate?
During S Phase of the cell cycle

22. What is made during replication?

23. What is made during replication?
2 strands of DNA

24. Why is replication needed?

25. Why is replication needed?
Replication assures that every cell has a complete set of identical genetic information

26. What molecules are involved in replication?

27. What molecules are involved in replication?
DNA molecules
DNA polymerase

28. Describe the steps in the process

29. Describe the steps in the process
1. Enzymes begin to unzip the the double helix along the chromosome.
2. Floating nucleotides pair with the bases on the template strands. DNA polymerases bond the nucleotides together.
3. Two identical molecules of DNA result. Each molecule has one strand from the original molecule and one new strand.

30. Why is replication semi conservative?

31. Why is replication semi conservative?
One strand of the DNA came from the original molecule and another part is newly formed

32. Where does transcription happen?

33. Where does transcription happen?
Transcription happens in the nucleus as DNA converts into an intermediate molecule called RNA

34. What is made?

35. What is made?
mRNA is made

36. What molecules are involved?

37. What molecules are involved?
DNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA polymerase

38. Why is it needed?

39. To create RNA which will make a protein.
Why is it needed?
To create RNA which will make a protein.

40. Describe the steps of the process

41. Describe the steps of the process
1. A transcript ion complex of RNA polymerase recognizes a start of a gene and begins to unwind a segment of DNA
2. RNA polymerase use one strand of DNA as a template. G pairs with C and A pairs with U
3. RNA separates from the DNA template

42. What is a “codon”?

43. What is a “codon”?
Three nucleotide sequence

44. What do they code for?

45. What do they code for?
Amino acids

46. What is translation? Where does it happen?

47. What is translation? Where does it happen?
A process that converts or translates mRNA message into a polypeptide
It happens in the cytoplasm on a ribosome.

48. How is the code read?

49. In units of three nucleotides left to right.
How is the code read?
In units of three nucleotides left to right.

50. What are the steps for translation

51. What are the steps for translation
1. Exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA molecule bearing an amino acid. The tRNA anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon
2.Ribosomes form a peptide bond with two amino acids and break the bond with the first tRNA and its amino acid
3. Ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of the codon. The first tRNA shifts into the exit site where it leaves the ribosome and returns to the cytoplasm to recharge. The first site is empty , exposing the next mRNA codon.

52. What is produced at the end?

53. What is produced at the end?
Protein

54. What things can the product of translation do?

55. What things can the product of translation do?
Makes proteins for the cells use
Makes hormones
Makes enzymes
Helps express traits

56. Summary of protein synthesis
What or where it is
Job/other features

57. DNA
What or where it is
Job/other features

58. DNA What or where it is Job/other features In the nucleolus
Stores genetic information

59. DNA Polymerase
What or where it is
Job/other features

60. DNA Polymerase What or where it is Job/other features Nucleus
Checks and fixes the nucleotide bonds that are incorrect, helps to bind nucleotides.

61. Gene
What or where it is
Job/other features

62. Gene What or where it is Job/other features
Region of DNA
Job/other features
Codes for a particular protein

63. RNA Polymerase
What or where it is
Job/other features

64. RNA Polymerase What or where it is Job/other features Nucleus
Helps to bind the strand of RNA from a DNA template.

65. mRNA
What or where it is
Job/other features

66. mRNA What or where it is Job/other features Nucleus and cytoplasm
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will be translated to form a protein.

67. tRNA
What or where it is
Job/other features

68. tRNA What or where it is Job/other features Cytoplasm
Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome.

69. Ribosome
What or where it is
Job/other features

70. Ribosome What or where it is Job/other features
Cytoplasm
Job/other features
Organelle that links amino acids

71. Amino Acid
What or where it is
Job/other features

72. Amino Acid What or where it is Job/other features
Molecules that make up proteins
Job/other features
Connect by peptide bonds to form a protein.

73. Proteins/Polypeptides
What or where it is
Job/other features

74. Proteins/Polypeptides
What or where it is
Cytoplasm
Job/other features
To help cells perform their functions.

75. You need to write this down!!!!!
Chargaff’s BASE-PAIRING RULES STATE THAT IN
DNA: A pairs with T, C pairs with G
iN RNA: A pairs with U, C pairs with G.