1. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Chapter 3 I. Cells Slide 1

2. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 2 A. Functional Anatomy of Cells 1. Cell structures 1. Cell structures  a. Plasma membrane—separates the cell from its surrounding environment  b. Cytoplasm—thick gel-like substance inside of the cell composed of numerous organelles suspended in watery cytosol;  c. Nucleus—large membranous structure near the center of the cell

3. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 3

4. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 4

5. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 5 B. Cell Membranes 1. Fluid mosaic model—theory explaining how cell membranes are constructed 1. Fluid mosaic model—theory explaining how cell membranes are constructed 2. Chemical attractions are the forces that hold membranes together 2. Chemical attractions are the forces that hold membranes together  a. Groupings of membrane molecules form rafts, each of which float as a unit in the membrane  b. Rafts may pinch inward, bringing material into the cell or organelle

6. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 6

7. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 7 3. Primary structure of a cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules 3. Primary structure of a cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules  a. Heads are hydrophilic (water-loving)  b. Tails are hydrophobic (water-fearing)  c. Molecules arrange themselves in bilayers in water  d. Cholesterol molecules are scattered among the phospholipids to allow the membrane to function properly at body temperature  e. Most of the bilayer is hydrophobic

8. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 8 II. Cytoplasm and Organelles A. Cytoplasm—gel-like internal substance of cells that includes many organelles suspended in watery intracellular fluid called cytosol A. Cytoplasm—gel-like internal substance of cells that includes many organelles suspended in watery intracellular fluid called cytosol

9. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 9 B. Two major groups of organelles: B. Two major groups of organelles:  1. Membranous organelles  2. Nonmembranous organelles

10. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. C. Organelles 1. literally means “little organ” 1. literally means “little organ” 2. 100’s to 1000’s in each cell 2. 100’s to 1000’s in each cell Slide 10

11. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 11 3. Endoplasmic reticulum  a. Made of canals with membranous walls and flat, curving sacs arranged in parallel rows throughout the cytoplasm; extend from the plasma membrane to the nucleus  b. Proteins move through the canals

12. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 12  c. Two types of endoplasmic reticulum: 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum  Ribosomes dot the outer surface of the membranous walls  Ribosomes synthesize proteins, which move toward the Golgi apparatus and then eventually leave the cell  Function in protein synthesis and intracellular transportation

13. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 13 2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum  No ribosomes border membranous wall  Functions are less well established and probably more varied than for rough endoplasmic reticulum  Synthesizes certain lipids and carbohydrates and creates membranes for use throughout cell  Removes and stores Ca ++ from cell’s interior.

14. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. 4. Ribosomes  a. Many are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and many lie free, scattered through the cytoplasm  b. Each ribosome is a nonmembranous structure made of two pieces, a large subunit and a small subunit; each subunit is composed of rRNA  c. Ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum make proteins for “export” or to be embedded in the plasma membrane; free ribosomes make proteins for the cell’s domestic use Slide 14

15. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 15 5. Golgi apparatus  a. Membranous organelle consisting of cisternae stacked on one another and located near the nucleus  b. Processes protein molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum  c. Processed proteins leave the final cisterna in a vesicle; contents may then be secreted to outside the cell

16. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 16 6. Lysosomes  a. Made of microscopic membranous sacs that have “pinched off” from Golgi apparatus  b. The cell’s own digestive system; enzymes in lysosomes digest the protein structures of defective cell parts, including plasma membrane proteins, and particles that have become trapped in the cell

17. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 17 7. Proteasomes  a. Hollow, protein cylinders found throughout the cytoplasm  b. Break down abnormal/misfolded proteins and normal proteins no longer needed by the cell  c. Break down protein molecules one at a time by tagging each one with a chain of ubiquitin molecules and unfolding it as it enters the proteasome, then breaking apart peptide bonds

18. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 18 8. Peroxisomes  a. Small membranous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful substances that enter the cells  b. Often seen in kidney and liver cells

19. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 19 9. Mitochondria  a. Made up of microscopic sacs; wall composed of inner and outer membranes separated by fluid; thousands of particles make up enzyme molecules attached to both membranes  b. The “power plants” of cells; mitochondrial enzymes catalyze series of oxidation reactions that provide about 95% of cell’s energy supply  c. Each mitochondrion has a DNA molecule, allowing it to produce its own enzymes and replicate copies of itself

20. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 20 10. Nucleus a. Definition—spherical body in center of cell; enclosed by an envelope with many pores a. Definition—spherical body in center of cell; enclosed by an envelope with many pores b. Structure- Consists of nuclear envelope (composed of two membranes each with essentially the same molecular structure as plasma membrane) surrounding nucleoplasm; nuclear envelope has holes called nuclear pores b. Structure- Consists of nuclear envelope (composed of two membranes each with essentially the same molecular structure as plasma membrane) surrounding nucleoplasm; nuclear envelope has holes called nuclear pores

21. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 21  c. Contains DNA (heredity molecules), which appear as the following: Chromatin threads or granules in nondividing cells Chromatin threads or granules in nondividing cells Chromosomes in early stages of cell division Chromosomes in early stages of cell division Functions of nucleus are functions of DNA molecules; DNA determines both structure and function of cells and heredity Functions of nucleus are functions of DNA molecules; DNA determines both structure and function of cells and heredity

22. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 22 11. Cytoskeleton a. The cell’s internal supporting framework made up of rigid, rodlike pieces that provide support and allow movement and mechanisms that can move the cell or its parts a. The cell’s internal supporting framework made up of rigid, rodlike pieces that provide support and allow movement and mechanisms that can move the cell or its parts

23. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 23 b. Centrosome b. Centrosome  An area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus that coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell  Plays an important role during cell division  The general location of the centrosome is identified by the centrioles

24. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 24 c. Cell extensions c. Cell extensions  Cytoskeleton forms projections that extend the plasma membrane outward to form tiny, fingerlike processes  Microvilli—found in epithelial cells that line the intestines and other areas where absorption is important; they help to increase the surface area manyfold  Cilia and flagella—cell processes that have cylinders made of microtubules at their core; cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella; flagella are found only on human sperm cells

25. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 25 III. Cell Connections A. Gap junctions—membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other; have two effects: A. Gap junctions—membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other; have two effects:  1. Form gaps or “tunnels” that join the cytoplasm of two cells  2. Fuse two plasma membranes into a single structure

26. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 26 B. Tight junctions B. Tight junctions  1. Occur in cells that are joined by “collars” of tightly fused material  2. Molecules cannot permeate the cracks of tight junctions  3. Occur in the lining of the intestines and other parts of the body, where it is important to control what gets through a sheet of cells