1. Biology
Chapter 7 Section 2

2. Key Ideas What does the cytoskeleton do?
How does DNA direct activity in the cytoplasm?
What organelles participate in protein production?
What is the role of vesicles in cells?
How do cells get energy?

3. Cytoskeleton A web of protein fibers
Microfilaments: long thin fibers made of the protein actin and contract/expand to adjust membrane
Microtubules: thick hollow fibers that are made of the protein tubulin and move information molecules through cells
Intermediate fibers: moderately thick and mainly anchor organelles and enzymes to certain part of the cell
Helps the cell move, keeps its shape, organizes its parts

4. Cellular Activity
Almost all cellular activity depends on the proteins that the cell makes.
DNA instructions are copied as RNA messages, which leave the nucleus.
In the cytoplasm, ribosomes use the RNA messages to assemble proteins.

5. Nucleus
Is surrounded by a double membrane: nuclear envelope. It has many pores that allow certain molecules to move into and out of the nucleus.
The nucleolus is the region where ribosome parts are made. These parts of ribosomes pass through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm.
Outside the nucleus, the parts are assembled to form a complete ribosome.

6. Ribosomes Each ribosome is made of RNA and many proteins.
“Free” ribosomes: make proteins that remain inside the cell, such as proteins that building new organelles.
“Bound” ribosomes: bound to another organelle. Make proteins that are exported from the cell. They also make proteins that must be kept separate from the rest of the cytoplasm,

7. Making and Exporting Proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Proteins are made by ribosomes on the rough ER, which packages the proteins into vesicles. The vesicles transport the newly made proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus.
Vesicles are small, often spherical shaped sac that is formed from a membrane.

8. 2. Golgi Apparatus: The vesicle enters one side of the Golgi apparatus
2. Golgi Apparatus: The vesicle enters one side of the Golgi apparatus. As the proteins move through the folds, they are changed and repackaged into new vesicles. These new vesicles then move to the cell membrane.

9. 3. Cell Membrane: The vesicles move to the cell membrane and release their contents (modified proteins) outside the cell. The vesicle membrane becomes part of the cell membrane.

10. Storage and Maintenance
Vesicles help maintain homeostasis by storing and releasing various substances as the cell needs them.
Lysosome: a vesicle that contains specific enzymes that break down large molecules. They digest food particles to provide nutrients for the cell. Also digests old, damaged, or unused organelles.

11. Central vacuole: In many plant cells.
A large, membrane-bound compartment that stores water, ions, nutrients, and wastes.
Can also store toxins and pigments.
Filled with water allows plants to stand upright.
When it loses water, the plant wilts.

12. Energy Production Cells need a constant source of energy.
The energy for cellular functions is produced by chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Chemical reactions produce ATP, the form of energy that fuels almost all cell processes.

13. Chloroplasts
An organelle that uses light energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water.
Each chloroplast is surrounded by a pair of membranes. Inside the inner membranes are many stacks of flattened sacs. The ATP producing chemical reactions take place on the membranes of these sacs.

14. Mitochondria
An organelle that uses energy from organic compounds to make ATP.
It has a smooth outer membrane, with a greatly folded inner membrane, which divides the organelle into 2 compartments. Many ATP-producing enzymes are located on the inner membrane.