2. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Introduction and Overview

3. Protein Synthesis How DNA directs how proteins are made

4. The variety of life on earth is due to different proteins.

5. Protein Synthesis You are different from the people around you because your proteins are different.

6. Protein Synthesis Your hair, muscles fibres in your skin are all made of proteins.

7. Protein Synthesis If you have straight hair, your protein is slightly different to someone who has curly hair

8. Protein Synthesis Proteins are made up of units called amino acids Proteins are made up of units called amino acids In our examples we will use a few amino acids to represent a protein In our examples we will use a few amino acids to represent a protein Proteins are much larger and have more that 50 amino acids Proteins are much larger and have more that 50 amino acids

9. Protein Synthesis Proteins are made up of units called amino acids. Amino acids join together to make proteins.

10. Protein Synthesis Proteins differ from each other by the type (different shapes) and sequence (the order in which the shapes occur) of amino acids. If this is the protein for straight hair A single amino acid change results in curly hair

11. Protein Synthesis The proteins are different because the DNA for curly and straight hair is different. There is a THREE letter DNA code (codon) for each amino acid. Eg. TGG codes for

12. Protein Synthesis In this example: TAC codes for a AAA codes for a AGC codes for a GGT codes for a The code for this amino acid sequence is : What is the DNA code for this sequence? AAA GGT GGT TACAGCGGT

13. G G C A U U U A A C C C G T A A A T T G G G C A T T T A A C Protein Synthesis: Overview of the Process DNAProteinRNA makes makes

14. Protein Synthesis: A closer look Firstly, part of the DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) This is called TRANSCRIPTION

15. The mRNA carries the message to make the protein to the cytoplasm and attaches to the ribosome Protein Synthesis: A closer look

16. tRNA collects amino acids in the cytoplasm tRNA collects amino acids in the cytoplasm Protein Synthesis: A closer look

17. TRANSLATION: tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome which link and form proteins Protein Synthesis: A closer look

18. Protein Synthesis The Detailed Process

19. TRANSCRIPTION A piece of DNA that codes for a protein is copied into mRNA

20. Part of the DNA molecule is unzipped by an enzyme TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION

21. DNA separates TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION

22. T A A C A A A G G C G TA C A C G C U U U U G U A piece of DNA from one side is copied into A piece of DNA from one side is copied into mRNA TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION

23. T A A C A A A G G C G T A C A C G C U U U U G U AUAGUUUUCGCC mRNA separates from DNA TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION

24. T A A C A A A G G C G T AUAGUUUUCGCC

25. T A A C A A A G G C G T AUAGUUUUCGCC mRNA moves out of the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm ribosome

26. AUAGUUUUCGCC AUAGUUUUCGCC mRNA attaches to a ribosome

27. TRANSLATION The ribosome encodes mRNA to form a new protein

28. AUAGUUUUCGCC UAC tRNA brings a specific amino acid which links mRNA mRNA tRNA Amino Acid

29. AUAGUUUUCGCC UAC mRNA tRNA Amino Acid mRNA three letter code (codon) Corresponding tRNA code (anticodon) The tRNA with its specific amino links to mRNA according to its specific three letter code

30. UAC AUAGUUUUCGCC AAA tRNA brings in the next amino acid according to the next mRNA codon The amino acids combine The ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule exposing the next codon tRNA moves into the cytoplasm to collect another amino acid UAC

31. AUAGUUUUCGCC AAA AGC AGC tRNAs bring in another amino acids to extend the protein chain The process continues as the ribosome moves along mRNA exposing the next codon

32. AUAGUUUUCGCC AGC GGU tRNAs bring in another amino acids to extend the protein chain

33. AUAGUUUUCGCC GGU TERMINATION: Ribosome and mRNA separate NEW “Protein” is formed

34. In Summary … TATCAAAAGCGG DNA makes AUAGUUUUCGCC RNA Protein makes