1. Rethinking Lithium Energy Storage and Battery Architecture Roland Pitts Founding Scientist Planar Energy Devices Orlando, FL 32805

2. Compare specific and power

3. Solid-state batteries change the game in energy storage Eliminate liquid electrolytes, fillers, and binders Allows safe use of high energy electrodes Achieves 2X energy density and specific energy Reduce cost by new process technology New batteries in market near term (2-3 y) Revolutionary concepts in the future (10-20 y)

4. Process innovation yields cost reduction

5. Why are battery improvements important? Increase human mobility and connectivity Safety, emergency and back-up power Provide strategic energy sources Improve energy efficiency (transportation) Provide increased stability for the electric grid Shift delivery time for renewable energy

6. What is the state of the art? During use (discharge) ions move from anode to cathode Figure courtesy C. Daniel JOM Vol. 60, No.9 pp. 43-48, 2008

7. Progress in Li-ion has been slow Progress has historically followed an evolutionary route, single component improvement Chemistries limited Cycle life and shelf life limited Safety of current batteries must be managed by external devices (Battery Management System) Cost too high for many applications

8. How can we break this paradigm? Revise the battery architecture Eliminate inactive materials Eliminate the polymer separator Eliminate reactive materials and replace with stable, high performance materials Engineer material interfaces to minimize resistance and promote ion transfer Change fabrication process technology Do it all at the same time

9. What are short and long term implications of this strategy? Expect 2X improvement in energy density, specific energy, and cycle life in 2-3 years Side benefits of much improved safety and 50% reduction in cost to manufacture per kWh Leads to a 4X reduction in cost of energy storage In the 10-20 year horizon, look for 4 − 5 X improvement in energy density, specific energy, and cycle life

10. How can this be done? (2-3 y) Change in architecture to solid-state batteries greatly improves battery performance First step is a hybrid, solid-state anode and separator with minimal liquid electrolyte (prototypes in test) Second step is migration to full solid-state architecture Change in process technology reduces cost. Modified chemical bath deposition efficiently produces active layers of the battery in single steps, enabling roll- to-roll processing

12. What is the process innovation? Use a modified chemical bath deposition technique to grow all active layers from primary chemicals Grow semiconductor quality films, layer by layer, rapidly, and with great control of the chemistry Films are conformal and pinhole free Some rapid thermal processing required Process designed for roll-to-roll fabrication.

13. What is the process now? VP SP Gen 0 - 2009 VP SP Gen 3 – Q4 2010 VP SP Gen 1 – Q1 2010 VP SP Gen 2 – Q3 2010 Process Development Batch Pilot In Line Scalable Batch Pilot

14. What do the films look like? Self Assembled Film Grown Directly on Cathode 5-7 Micron – 10 -4 S/cm thio-Lisicon Separator Thick Film Self Assembled 50-200 Micron LiCo 2, LiMn x Al x O x, CuS … ++ Composite Cathodes

15. What will it look like in the future?

16. Where are we in 2-3 years? Li batteries with 2X specific energy, energy density, and cycle life Much improved safety, 50% reduction in cost, moving toward longer cycle life (10X) What else in 10-20 years? Li-air, Li-S, Zn-air, Mg-ion Another leap of 2X in specific energy, energy density

17. Comparisons Courtesy: Dave Danielson DOE (ARPA –E) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) Theoretical Max

18. Courtesy: Dave Danielson DOE (ARPA –E) Factor engine and gas weight and Carnot efficiency Specific Energy (Wh/kg) Comparisons at vehicle systems level

19. FACT: Batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level Courtesy: Dave Danielson DOE (ARPA –E) Specific Energy (Wh/kg) Batteries have the potential to rival the energy density of gasoline powered vehicles on a system level

20. Thank You! Contact: Roland Pitts Planar Energy, Inc. 653 W Michigan St Orlando, FL 32805 407-459-1442 (direct) pitts@planarenergy.com