1. Samoan Cultural Presentation Presented by: Karla Hernandez, Jessica Downward, and Kasey Dahl

2. Origins and Immigration  Group of nine islands  Originally settled around 1,000 BC – Settlement of the Pacific  English missionaries arrived 1830  Treaty of Berlin 1889  Tripartite Treaty of 1899  World War I – 1914  Independence  Immigration to United States

3. Culture, Values, and Symbols  Large families  Respect for Elders  Religion  Food  Sports  Holidays  Tattoos

4. Ethnic Identity  Early childhood  Majority are “traditional”  Language  Dance

5. Perspectives & World Views  Ethnic Relations  Social Welfare  Gender Roles  Medicine and Health Care

6. Self Determination  Not quite there yet  US Territory on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing territories

7. Demographic  Population: 194,320 (July 2012)  Ethnic Groups (2000 Census):  Native Pacific Islander 91.6%  Asian 2.8%  White 1.1%  Mixed 4.2%  Other 0.3%

8. Demographic (Cont.)  Economic Status: 90% of land is communally owned  Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants are the backbone of the private sector with canned tuna as the primary export.  Other Exports: coconut oil and cream; copra; automotive parts; taro; beer; non-fruit products

9. Intra-Ethnic Diversity  Polynesians are racially mixed Asians. Migrated from South-East Asia and are indigenous to Polynesia.  Prejudice / Discrimination  Reputation as perpetrators of violent crimes  Local Samoans against over-seas Samoans  Samoan air about to charge customers based on weight

10. Assimilation and Acculturation  Immigration of Samoans to New Zealand, Australia, and the United States accelerated during the 1950’s  Scholarship students who wish to pursue college degrees were sent to New Zealand  American Samoa saw many of it’s citizens enroll in US military services  Samoans who chose to pursue ecclesiastical endeavors were often educated by Anglicans in London  Others entered Catholic seminaries in the South Pacific and studied in Rome, while those who became local leaders in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) traveled to Utah.

11. Assimilation and Acculturation (Cont.)  In the 1990 census of the US, over 55,000 Americans reported themselves to be of Samoan decent. App. 26,000 of the respondents resided in California, with another 15,000 in Hawaii, and 2,000 in Utah.  Many recent immigrants from Samoa have been forced to pursue low- paying jobs as untrained laborers. Others have been forced to rely on governmental entitlement programs for support.  There are some prejudice against the Samoan youth that have observers think Samoan people are dangerous, due to some youth being apart of gangs.  Derek Freeman, anthropologist, said that on the contrary to the easy-going Samoan nature portrayed, Samoan culture is hierarchical, power- conscious, and occasionally violent.

12. Revolution The first Samoan Civil War and the Samoan crisis The first Samoan Civil War between 1886-1894 between rival Samoan factions though the rival powers intervened on several occasion with military forces. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders send warships into Apia Harbor, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent until a huge story in March 1889 damaged and destroyed the warships ending the military conflict.

13. Siege of Apia The second Samoan Civil War was a conflict that reached a head in 1898 when Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States were locked in dispute over who should have control over the Samoa Islands. It occurred at Apia when Samoa forces loyal to Prince Tanu were besieged by a larger force of Samoan rebels loyal to Mata’afa Iosefo. Over the course of several day of fighting, the Samoan rebels were defeated.

14. What Teachers Should Know  As the Samoan culture adapts to change from outside influences, teachers and students are compelled to adjust to these changes. The studies purpose was to determine if the “lecture “was a favorite among Samoan teachers, and if so, does the cultured play a role in this performance. The study also analyzed if Samoan students learned best by listening,or if the learning styles change from generation to generation.  Here are the numbers… Of the 66 people that were involved with interviews, focus groups, and case studies:  85% preferred the lecture above the other delivery methods.  91% of the teachers claimed that the Samoan culture was the major influence in their using the lecture to teach  71% of the people interview said that the Samoan culture is an auditory one.  92% of participants said that the lecture methodologies definitely promoted learning in Samoan students.

15. Teaching This Ethnicity  During the first six years students are taught in Samoan with English being introduced orally during the third year. In the Seventh and eighth years English is the language of instruction.  After eight years of school students take a national exam the rational behind the exam in the need to rank students for selection into secondary schools.  Throughout the secondary education system the mode of instruction is English. Samoan can be taken as a separate course. The secondary program is five years in duration and is divided into a three year junior secondary program. Which is followed by a two year senior secondary program. Entry into the senior secondary program is highly selective.