1. Introduction to Fluid Power by Mike Pierno

2. Pascal’s Law, simply stated, says this: Pressure applied on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions, and acts with equal force on equal areas and at right angles to them. F = P x A Pascal’s Law

3. HOW PRESSURE IS CREATED Pressure results whenever there is a resistance to fluid flow or to a force which attempts to make the fluid flow. The tendency to cause flow (or the push) may be supplied by a mechanical pump, compressor, or may be caused simply by the weight of the fluid.

4. Atmospheric pressure is a “head” of air. Pressure “head” comes from the weight of the fluid.

5. Force is Proportional to Pressure and Area These Pressure, Force and Area relationships are sometimes illustrated as shown below to aid in remembering the equations. F = P x A P = F / A A = F / P When a cylinder is used to clamp or press, its output force can be computed as follows: F = P x A Again: P is Pressure (PSI (Bar) (Pascals)) F is Force (pounds (newtons)) A is Area (Square inches (Square meters) PA F

6. Simple Mechanical Lever Simple Hydraulic Lever

8. 141.3

11. Parallel Flow Paths List the order in which the cylinders will extend, and calculate the pressure needed to lift the load for each. ABC 4” bore2” bore6” bore Sequence 1st 2nd 3rd PSI Cyl. 24,000 lbs.

12. Series Resistance and Pressure

13. Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s Principle states that if the flow rate is constant, the sum of the kinetic ands pressure energy must be constant. Therefore, if the kinetic energy decreases, it must result in an increased pressure. Likewise, when the cross-sectional area of the flow path decreases, the kinetic energy (velocity) produces a corresponding decrease in pressure.

14. Laminar flow is in parallel paths. Turbulence results in flow resistance.

15. Velocity is inversely proportional to pipe cross-sectional area

16. Introduction to Fluid Power by Mike Pierno