1. Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 5.3: The U. S. Navy, 1815-1860: Power Projection and Technological Revolution

2. Enabling Objectives EXPLAIN the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of Diplomacy.EXPLAIN the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of Diplomacy. DESCRIBE the state of naval technology and its evolution during Power Projection and Technological Revolution.DESCRIBE the state of naval technology and its evolution during Power Projection and Technological Revolution. DEFINE U.S. Naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815 – 1860.DEFINE U.S. Naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815 – 1860. EXPLAIN the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S Maritime interests.EXPLAIN the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S Maritime interests. DESCRIBE the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the Mexican-American War.DESCRIBE the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the Mexican-American War.

3. 1815-1860: A Period of Expansion Monroe Doctrine -- 1823Monroe Doctrine -- 1823 –No European colonization or intervention in the Americas. “Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” - John L. O'Sullivan, 1845 President James Monroe

4. Reorganization of the Navy Postwar Navy increases in sizePostwar Navy increases in size –Funding increase: Pride in War of 1812 Navy –Secretary of the Navy calls for “Board of Commissioners” –Civilian secretary needs help managing larger Navy Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy”Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy” –Protect expanding U. S. commercial interests overseas - “Showing the flag.” –Command of the sea: de-emphasized

5. 5 Permanent U.S. Navy Squadrons

6. LT Matthew MauryLT Matthew Maury -Naval Oceanographer -“Pathfinder of Seas” -Cut transit from New York to San Francisco by 47 days. - Saved mariners $2 million a year. U.S. Navy and Scientific Discovery Wilkes Expedition, 1832-1842Wilkes Expedition, 1832-1842 –Gathered significant amount of scientific knowledge –Natural science collections became basis of Smithsonian Institute collections

7. Problems in Navy Rough, ignorant sailorsRough, ignorant sailors –Flogging common –Chief reward  grog (1/2 pint/man) Stagnation in officer corpsStagnation in officer corps Dueling commonDueling common –Stephen Decatur vs James Baron –Outlawed in 1837 Navy Regs –Article 114 of UCMJ Inadequate trainingInadequate training –1842 USS Somers incident –1850- Flogging outlawed –1862- No more booze

8. United States Naval Academy United States Military Academy at West Point 1802United States Military Academy at West Point 1802 –Highly successful in training Army officers Naval School at PhiladelphiaNaval School at Philadelphia Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft moves the Naval School to Annapolis - 1845Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft moves the Naval School to Annapolis - 1845 Renamed Naval Academy in 1850Renamed Naval Academy in 1850

9. 9 The Navy as an Instrument of Diplomacy U.S. expanded trading in PacificU.S. expanded trading in Pacific Required ports in JapanRequired ports in Japan Commodore Perry diplomacy results in Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854.Commodore Perry diplomacy results in Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. Opens Japanese portsOpens Japanese ports

10. Industrial Revolution The evolution of naval technology:The evolution of naval technology: Propulsion:Sail to Steam Weapons:Solid Shot to Shell Armor:Wood to Iron

11. Naval Technology: From Sail to Steam USS Mississippi and USS Missouri, 1842USS Mississippi and USS Missouri, 1842 –Steam powered paddle wheelers. USS Princeton, 1842USS Princeton, 1842 –First “Screw” propeller warship. –All machinery below decks. –Deemed superior to the paddlewheel. Iron claddingIron cladding

12. Had not changed since the Spanish ArmadaHad not changed since the Spanish Armada –Cast iron, smooth bore, solid shot muzzle loader. –300 yds effective range –2500 yds max Improvement in accuracy and range.Improvement in accuracy and range. –Rusty solid shot –Imperfect spherical shot –Causing loss of expanding gases in smooth bore guns Naval Technology: From Solid Shot to Shell

13. 1844: USS Princeton ordnance demonstration1844: USS Princeton ordnance demonstration –“Peacemaker” improperly reinforced cannon. –Explosion kills Secretary of War, SECSTATE, SECNAV! of War, SECSTATE, SECNAV! –U.S. naval ordnance development suspended for 20 years. Naval Technology: From Solid Shot to Shell

14. John DahlgrenJohn Dahlgren “Father of Modern Naval Ordnance”“Father of Modern Naval Ordnance” Dahlgren gun adopted by NavyDahlgren gun adopted by Navy Bottle shaped gun, better accuracy and rangeBottle shaped gun, better accuracy and range Navy resisted new rifled cannon bore and non - spherical shells through Civil war.Navy resisted new rifled cannon bore and non - spherical shells through Civil war. Naval Technology: From Solid Shot to Shell

15. French ironclad frigate Gloire - 1859French ironclad frigate Gloire - 1859 –36 guns in broadside –5,600-tons displacement –Wooden hull with iron armor plating British ironclad battleship Warrior - 1860British ironclad battleship Warrior - 1860 –40 guns in broadside –9,000-tons displacement –Iron hull with iron armor plating Naval Technology: From Wood to Iron

16. The Mexican American War 1846-1848 Due to Westward expansion:Due to Westward expansion: –Texas declares independence from Mexico in 1836. –Texas became part of U.S. in 1845 –Border dispute with Mexico (Nueces vs. Rio Grande)

17. 17

18. U.S. Navy establishes command of the seaU.S. Navy establishes command of the sea –Blockade and capture of Mexican ports and cities. –John Sloat and Marines capture cities in California claiming it for the United States. Combined Army-Navy operations at Vera CruzCombined Army-Navy operations at Vera Cruz –Home Squadron under Commodore M.C. Perry –Amphibious landing including Marines Mexican-American War

19. 19 Battle of Vera Cruz

20. 20 General Winfield Scott marches to Mexico CityGeneral Winfield Scott marches to Mexico City –Accompanied by a regiment of Marines Marines in the Battle of ChapultepecMarines in the Battle of Chapultepec –“The Halls of Montezuma” Mexican-American War

21. Conclusion: 1815-1860 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - 1848 –Rio Grande established as Texas-Mexico border –California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, parts of Colorado and Wyoming. –Western United States ceded from Mexico ($15M) Navy grew in earlier years, but professionalism and technology remained relatively stagnant after 1850Navy grew in earlier years, but professionalism and technology remained relatively stagnant after 1850 Bases on Pacific coast of US and access to foreign portsBases on Pacific coast of US and access to foreign ports Combined operations during war with MexicoCombined operations during war with Mexico People lost interest in the Navy over the yearsPeople lost interest in the Navy over the years

22. Battle History Video Chapter 1 "Born Into War", Time 09:02 - 12:52Chapter 1 "Born Into War", Time 09:02 - 12:52

23. Enabling Objectives EXPLAIN the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of Diplomacy.EXPLAIN the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of Diplomacy. DESCRIBE the state of naval technology and its evolution during Power Projection and Technological Revolution.DESCRIBE the state of naval technology and its evolution during Power Projection and Technological Revolution. DEFINE U.S. Naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815 – 1860.DEFINE U.S. Naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815 – 1860. EXPLAIN the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S Maritime interests.EXPLAIN the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S Maritime interests. DESCRIBE the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the Mexican-American War.DESCRIBE the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the Mexican-American War.

24. 24 QUESTIONS?Next time: The Civil War Defense Imagery.mil