1. Advanced Construction Technology By Professor Chris Gorse & Ian Dickinson – licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution – Non- Commercial – Share Alike License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/

2. Pile Foundations Professor Chris Gorse and Ian Dickinson These slides should be read in conjunction with Emmitt, S. and Gorse, C. (2010) Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing

3. Pile foundations Pile foundations. The pile foundation takes the load of the building through made-up ground or weak soil to load bearing strata. Ground beams transfer the building loads to the piles. Piles Ground beam

4. Precast driven concrete piles Pile foundations. Columns of concrete driven into the ground by a percussion hammer

5. Cable percussive auger. Piles can be bored to considerable depths

6. Auger bored piles Pile foundations. Threaded cutting rigs cut through the ground boring a hole (column) which is replaced with concrete or reinforced concrete.

7. Steel piles inserted – where ground beam reinforcement is positioned the steel piles have been trimmed so that they sit below the beam Piles Ground beams

8. Reinforcement used to create ground beams to span between piles and carry the building loads.

9. This ground beam is sitting on top of piles.

10. Cardboard formwork used to contain the concrete within the ground beam and prevent excessive use of concrete. Concrete outside the designed foundation area would be wasted and add additional weight to the building.

11. Pile foundation Pile foundations

12. Partially complete ground beam spanning onto pile cap Ground beam Steel reinforcement cage for ground beam Excavation for pile cap or pad foundation

13. Pile Foundations Stable load bearing strata Pile foundations are used to transfer the load of the building to a more stable load bearing strata. Short piles, often termed short bored piles, may be used to take the loads to soils that are unaffected by seasonal changes in moisture content Pile cap Cluster of piles Point loads of columns transferred to pile cap then to pile foundations Any continuous loads applied through walls are transferred along reinforced concrete beams to the pile cap

14. Short board piles

15. Two types of pile foundation: End bearing and friction piles End bearing pile Friction and end bearing pile

16. Further information supporting these slides can be found in the following publication and websites. Emmitt, S. and Gorse, C. (2010) Barry’s Introduction to Construction of Buildings. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Emmitt, S. and Gorse, C. (2010) Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Virtual Site (2010) Virtual Site at Leeds Met University http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/teaching/vsite http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/teaching/vsite Virtual Site Gallery (2010) Virtual Site Gallery at Leeds Met University http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/teaching/vsite/gallery http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/teaching/vsite/gallery