2. Controls of Temperature Chapter 17 Notes

3. -Why Temperature Changes from Place to Place- LATITUDE LATITUDE SEASONS SEASONS ALTITUDE (ELEVATION) ALTITUDE (ELEVATION) TIME OF DAY TIME OF DAY Urban Areas Urban Areas LAND VS. WATER LAND VS. WATER LOCATION NEAR BODY OF WATER LOCATION NEAR BODY OF WATER

4. LATITUDE Latitude- degrees north and south of the equator. Latitude- degrees north and south of the equator. Places near the equator get the most intense rays from sun and thus absorb the most heat. Places near the equator get the most intense rays from sun and thus absorb the most heat. Vertical Ray Focused on Equator. First Day of Spring and Autumn

5. ALTITUDE (ELEVATION) In the troposphere, temperature decreases with an increase in altitude. In the troposphere, temperature decreases with an increase in altitude. Normal lapse rate- 3.5 °F lower for every 1,000 feet you go up. Normal lapse rate- 3.5 °F lower for every 1,000 feet you go up. 45° 20°

6. Near Large body of water So, being near a large body of water prevents temperatures from going to the extremes (very high or very low). Thus, extreme temperatures usually occur a fair distance away from a large body of water. So, being near a large body of water prevents temperatures from going to the extremes (very high or very low). Thus, extreme temperatures usually occur a fair distance away from a large body of water.

7. TIME OF DAY Warmest- early to late afternoon (between 2 and 5 p.m.)because it takes time for the surface to heat up. Warmest- early to late afternoon (between 2 and 5 p.m.)because it takes time for the surface to heat up. Coolest- just before dawn (5 a.m.)because it takes time for the surface to cool off.

8. TIME OF DAY However, weather conditions play a large role as does the season which impacts time of sunrise and sunset. These time of day conditions are the truest under a clear sky with very little wind from midnight to midnight.

9. The Effects of Clouds Nighttime: clouds keep the earth warmer Daytime: clouds keep the earth cooler

10. Urban Areas Urban areas are warmer…why? Urban areas are warmer…why?

11. LAND VS. WATER Earthly surfaces absorb different amounts of energy. Biggest difference is between land and water…why? Earthly surfaces absorb different amounts of energy. Biggest difference is between land and water…why? Average July Surface Temperature

12. LAND VS. WATER Specific heat- the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of stuff, 1°C. So, the higher numbered values mean more heat energy is needed to raise temperature.

13. LAND VS. WATER Land heats up quicker and cools down quicker than water. Land heats up quicker and cools down quicker than water. Water needs more energy to change its temperature than land (specific heat). Water heats up slowly and cools down slowly.

14. Southern hemisphere has a smaller temperature variation than the Northern hemisphere… Why? Southern hemisphere has a smaller temperature variation than the Northern hemisphere… Why?

15. OCEAN CURRENTS AND WIND DIRECTION Windward-when winds blow from ocean to coast. Windward-when winds blow from ocean to coast. Leeward-when winds blow from coast to ocean. Leeward-when winds blow from coast to ocean. Windward Leeward

16. City Comparison: Why the Difference in Temperature? Rockaway versus Atlantic City Rockaway versus Atlantic City Rockaway versus Denver, Colorado Rockaway versus Denver, Colorado Rockaway versus Melbourne, Australia Rockaway versus Melbourne, Australia Rockaway versus Miami, Florida Rockaway versus Miami, Florida Rockaway versus Juneau, Alaska Rockaway versus Juneau, Alaska Rockaway versus Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Rockaway versus Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania