1. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 1 1 March 4-5, 2008 Evolution of Lunar to Planetary Landing A.Miguel San Martin Mars Science Laboratory GN&C Chief Engineer Jet Propulsion Laboratory

2. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 2 2 March 4-5, 2008 Viking

3. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 3 3 March 4-5, 2008 MPF/MER EDL

4. Mars Science Laboratory vs. Earth Rover 2009 MSL Rover 2005 MINI Cooper S

5. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 5 5 March 4-5, 2008 Lunokhod

6. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 6 6 March 4-5, 2008 MSL Sky Crane

7. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 7 7 March 4-5, 2008 Background For Entry Descent and Landing (EDL), the Mars Program has relied heavily on technology infrastructure developed by the ICBM, Apollo (manned program), and Viking programs of the 60’s and early seventies: –Aerodynamics –Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) –Parachute design and testing –Testing facilities > Wind tunnels, Arc Jet Testing, Vacuum Chambers (Plum Brook Station 100 x 120ft chamber), etc. –Touchdown dynamics –Plume interactions –GN&C Architectures and Algorithms As our missions, and corresponding EDL, became more challenging, we started to outgrow such heritage, and we were forced to: –Develop new architectures > Sky-Crane Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) –Use state of the art CFD analysis > RCS-Aero interactions, Plume Impingement, Chute Inflation dynamic, etc. –Rely heavily on simulations for V&V We expect/hope that the Constellation program will renew and enlarge the technology infrastructure, helping the planetary program accomplish ever more challenging missions

8. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 8 8 March 4-5, 2008 GN&C Sensors and Technologies Need GN&C Sensors and Technologies for –Precision Pin-Point Landing –Hazard Detection and Avoidance –Velocimetry/Altimetry Ideally, fully integrated and tested off-the-shelf sensors –The costs and schedule of developing flight qualified GN&C sensors is almost prohibitive for the Planetary Program > MSL Landing Radar Example > Hazard Detection and Avoidance is traditionally the first de-scope in every Mars Landing mission –A Lunar Program with continued landings has a better chance to field off- the-shelf sensors than our one-of-a-kind planetary missions –But they would have to meet planetary spacecraft constraints > Mass, Volume, Power > Self contained?

9. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 9 9 March 4-5, 2008 Testing Facilities and Technologies Technical difficulty, cost, and schedule have resulted in the elimination of full end-to-end hot-fire Terminal Descent tests in the Mars Program –Mars vs. Earth gravity –Mars vs. Earth atmosphere –Test infrastructure > Human and Hardware Safety > Avionics > Telemetry/Video Need Terminal Descent Testing facility –Gravity off-loading –Propulsion choices? –Purpose > Test landing sensors > Test GN&C Flight Software > Test touchdown sensors > Test touchdown dynamics/stability Again, the hope is that a Lunar Program can keep a facility like this alive and ready

10. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 10 March 4-5, 2008 Physics Need new computational-tools/experiments/theory that inform the physics of phenomena like –Thruster plume interaction > With landing surface  Trenching  Dust S/C contamination and damage  Dust effects on landing sensors > Self plume impingement –Touchdown dynamics > Stability > Mechanical loads –Spacecraft mechanical separations –GN&C Sensor modeling > RF and optical –Propulsion modeling > Water hammer!!! > Pogo? > Combustion response time

11. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 11 March 4-5, 2008 Avionics & FSW Architectures Avionics and FSW are a big source of stress in the Planetary Program –Lack of standardization > Hardware and software –Centralized control > CD&H and GN&C > Science and Engineering –Ad-hoc redundancy management and fault-protection –COTS Operating Systems > Multi-tasking, priority based > Lack of predictability –Complex > Viking vs. MSL –Brittle The Constellation Program represents a great opportunity to help in this area

12. PRE-DECISIONAL DRAFT; For planning and discussion purposes only 12 March 4-5, 2008 Miscellaneous Landing Architectures –Legged lander vs. Sky-Crane vs. Pallet –Passive legs vs. active legs –Descent engine placement –TVC vs. fixed engine + ACS Power and Pyro Architectures –Distributed pyro systems? –Low EMI –Dead phasing, cable-cutters, etc. –Reliable and efficient Primary, Secondary, Thermal batteries Propulsion –High ISP –Throttleable