1. GENETIC-CONCEPTS

2. Genome
Chromosome
Gene
DNA/RNA
Nucleic Acid
Protein
Amino Acid

3. Genome Entirely of an organism’s heredity information
Complete set of instructions for making an organism
All of the hereditary information encoded in an organism’s DNA.
Master blueprints for all enzymes, cellular structures & activities
An organism‘s complete set of DNA
All the DNA contained in the cell of an organism
The collection of DNA that comprises an organism

4. Prokaryotic Organism Eubacteria and Archaea. Usually unicellular.
No internal membrane-bound compartments: DNA floats free in the cytoplasm.
1 circular chromosome (plus optional plasmids, which are also circular)
reproduction usually asexual
sexual processes (mixing DNA from 2 individuals) occur, but with unequal contributions from the 2 partners
transcription and translation simultaneous

5. Prokaryotic genomes
Most have a single, double-stranded circular DNA molecule
Usually without introns
Since there is no nucleus, the DNA floats freely within the cell
Proteins cause the DNA to coil tightly forming a nucleoid region
Relatively high gene density
Often indigenous plasmids are present

6. Eukaryotic Organism
Plants, animals, fungi, protistas. Often multicellular.
DNA contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.
linear chromosomes (usually more than 1)
careful division of chromosomes in cell division: mitosis and meiosis
transcription separated from translation
sexual reproduction: 2 partners contribute equally to offspring
life cycle: alternation of haploid and diploid phases (i.e. 1 vs. 2 copies of each gene and chromosome)

7. Eukaryotic genomes Genetic information is divided in the chromosome.
The size of genomes is species dependent
The difference in the size of genome is mainly due to a different number of identical sequence of various size arranged in sequence
The gene for ribosomal RNAs occur as repetitive sequence and together with the genes for some transfer RNAs in several thousand of copies
Structural genes are present in only a few copies, sometimes just single copy. Structural genes encoding for structurally and functionally related proteins often form a gene family
The DNA in the genome is replicated during the interphase of mitosis

8. Eukaryotic Genome

9. Chromosome
A DNA – histone protein thread, usually associated with RNA, occurring in the nucleus of a cell
Chromosomes contain hundreds of genes encoded within their DNA

10. Chromosome Logical Structure
Locus1
Possible Alleles: A1,A2
Locus2
Possible Alleles: B1,B2,B3
Locus
Location of a gene/marker on the chromosome.
Allele
One variant form of a gene/marker at a particular locus.

11. Gene
The material that controls which traits are expressed in an organism
Genes come in pairs and offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent
A section of DNA that codes for a trait
Material of heredity

12. The passing of traits from parent to offspring
Heredity
The passing of traits from parent to offspring

13. Allele
The different forms of a trait that a gene may have. One form of a gene

14. Ways of looking, thinking, or being.
Traits
Ways of looking, thinking, or being.
Traits that are genetic are passed down through the genes from parents to offspring

15. Recessive
A trait that is covered over, or dominated, by another form of that trait and seems to disappear
Hidden when the other copy of the gene contains the dominant allele.
A recessive allele shows up only when there is no dominant allele present
Shown with a lower-case letter (a)

16. Dominant
A trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait
Trait that always shows up, even when only one of the two alleles is in the dominant form
Shown by a capital letter (A)

17. Homozygous Both alleles [forms of the gene] are the same
When offspring inherit two dominant genes, (one dominant gene from each parent) they are said to be homozygous dominant (AA)
When offspring inherit two recessive genes, (one recessive gene from each parent) they are said to be homozygous recessive (aa)

18. Heterozygous When alleles occur in different forms
When offspring inherit one dominant gene and one recessive gene, they are said to be heterozygous (Aa)
Since the dominant gene will be expressed, they are said to be heterozygous dominant (Aa)

19. An organism's genetic makeup
Genotype
An organism's genetic makeup

20. Genotype

21. Outward physical appearance and behavior of an organism
PHENOTYPE
Outward physical appearance and behavior of an organism

22. PHENOTYPE

23. Segment of DNA which can be transcribed and translated to amino acid
Genes
Segment of DNA which can be transcribed and translated to amino acid 40

24. Central Dogma of Biology

25. DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Information
Replication
Translation
Transcription

26. Central Dogma (Modifications)
(2)Ribozymes
Transcription
Translation
DNA
RNA
Protein
Reverse
transcription
Replication
(2)Self Replication
(3)Self Replication

27. DNA as Genetic Material
DNA encodes all the information in the cell
The composition of the DNA is the same in all cells within an organism
Variation among different cells is achieved by reading the DNA differently
DNA contains four bases that encode all the information to make an organism’s life

28. RIBO NUCLEIC ACID
A polymer composed of nucleotides that contain the sugar ribose and one of the four bases cytosine, adenine, guanine and uracile
Polynucleotide containing ribose sugar and uracile instead of thymine
Primary agent for transferring information from the genome to the protein synthetic machinery

29. All produced in the nucleus
Types of RNA
Three types of RNA:
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
ribosome RNA (rRNA)
Remember:
All produced in the nucleus

30. Codon
There are 20 different possible amino acids to make from different codons
Amino acids:
the building of protein
3 possible stop codon
1 start codon
TAC on DNA
AUG on RNA

31. Production of proteins requires two steps:
Gene Expression
Production of proteins requires two steps:
Transcription involves an enzyme (RNA polymerase) making an RNA copy of part of one DNA strand.
There are four main classes of RNA:
i. Messenger RNAs (mRNA), which specify the amino acid sequence of a protein by using codons of the genetic code.
ii. Transfer RNAs (tRNA).
iii. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA).
Translation converts the information in mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a protein using ribosomes, large complexes of rRNAs and proteins.

32. Steps of gene expression
Transcription – DNA is read to make a mRNA in the nucleus of cells
Translation – Reading the mRNA to make a protein in the cytoplasm

33. Poly-peptide A primary structure of a protein
A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds.
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa200
aa199

34. Protein
A polymer of amino acids which may consists of one or more polypeptide chains
Protein may be water insoluble and serve a structural role or be water soluble with catalytic activity