1. Java™ How to Program, 9/e Presented by: Dr. José M. Reyes Álamo © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3.  Inheritance  A form of software reuse in which a new class is created by inheriting an existing class’s members and extending them with new or modified capabilities.  Can save time during program development by basing new classes on existing, proven, and debugged high-quality software.  Increases the likelihood that a system will be implemented and maintained effectively. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4.  When creating a new class, you can designate that it should inherit the members of an existing class.  Existing class is the superclass  New class is the subclass  Each subclass can be a superclass of future subclasses.  A subclass can add its own fields and methods.  A subclass is more specific than its superclass and represents a more specialized group of objects.  The subclass exhibits the behaviors of its superclass plus the behaviors that are specific to the subclass. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5.  The direct superclass is the superclass from which the subclass explicitly inherits.  An indirect superclass is any class above the direct superclass in the class hierarchy.  The Java class hierarchy begins with class Object (in package java.lang )  Every class in Java directly or indirectly extends (or “inherits from”) class Object.  Java supports only single inheritance, in which each class is derived from exactly one direct superclass.  C++ supports multiple inheritance, in which each class is derived from one or more direct superclass © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6.  We distinguish between the is-a relationship and the has-a relationship  Is-a represents inheritance  In an is-a relationship, an object of a subclass can also be treated as an object of its superclass  Has-a represents composition  In a has-a relationship, an object contains as members references to other objects © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7.  Figure 9.1 lists several simple examples of superclasses and subclasses  Superclasses tend to be “more general” and subclasses “more specific.”  Because every subclass object is an object of its superclass, and one superclass can have many subclasses, the set of objects represented by a superclass is typically larger than the set of objects represented by any of its subclasses. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9.  A superclass exists in a hierarchical relationship with its subclasses.  Each arrow in the hierarchy represents an is-a relationship.  Starting from the bottom, you can follow the arrows and apply the is-a relationship up to the topmost superclass.  Fig. 9.2 shows a sample university community class hierarchy  Also called an inheritance hierarchy. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10.  Follow the arrows upward in the class hierarchy ◦ an Employee is a CommunityMember ” ◦ “a Teacher is a Faculty member.”  CommunityMember is the direct superclass of Employee, Student and Alumnus and is an indirect superclass of all the other classes in the diagram.

11.  Objects of all classes that extend a common superclass can be treated as objects of that superclass.  Inheritance issues  A subclass can inherit methods that it does not need or should not have.  Even when a superclass method is appropriate for a subclass, that subclass often needs a customized version of the method.  The subclass can override (redefine) the superclass method with an appropriate implementation. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12.  Inheritance hierarchy containing the types of employees in a company’s payroll application  Commission employees are paid a percentage of their sales  Base-salaried commission employees receive a base salary plus a percentage of their sales.  Class CommissionEmployee (Fig. 9.4) extends class Object (from package java.lang ).  CommissionEmployee inherits Object ’s methods.  If you don’t explicitly specify which class a new class extends, the class extends Object implicitly. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17.  Constructors are NOT inherited.  The first task of a subclass constructor is to call its direct superclass’s constructor.  Ensures that the instance variables inherited from the superclass are initialized properly.  If the code does not include an explicit call to the superclass constructor, Java implicitly calls the superclass’s default constructor. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18.  toString is one of the methods that every class inherits directly or indirectly from class Object.  Returns a String representing an object.  Class Object ’s toString method returns a String that includes the name of the object’s class. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19.  To override a superclass method, a subclass must declare a method with the same signature as the superclass method  @Override annotation  Indicates that a method should override a superclass method with the same signature. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22.  Suppose you want to create class BasePlusCommissionEmployee that contains first name, last name, social security number, gross sales amount, commission rate and base salary.  All elements but the base salary are in common with class CommissionEmployee.  Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee ’s public services include a constructor, and methods earnings, toString and get and set for each instance variable  Most of these are in common with class CommissionEmployee. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23.  Much of BasePlusCommissionEmployee ’s code is similar, or identical, to that of CommissionEmployee.  private instance variables firstName and lastName and methods setFirstName, getFirstName, setLastName and getLastName are identical.  Both classes also contain corresponding get and set methods.  The constructors are almost identical  BasePlusCommissionEmployee ’s constructor also sets the base-Salary.  The toString methods are nearly identical  BasePlusCommissionEmployee ’s toString also outputs instance variable baseSalary © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24.  We can copy CommissionEmployee ’s code, paste it into BasePlusCommissionEmployee, then modify the new class to include a base salary and methods that manipulate the base salary.  This “copy-and-paste” approach is often error prone and time consuming.  It spreads copies of the same code throughout a system, creating a code-maintenance nightmare. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

25.  Instead of copy/paste/edit approach, class BasePlusCommissionEmployee class extends class CommissionEmployee  A BasePlusCommissionEmployee object is a CommissionEmployee  Inheritance passes CommissionEmployee ’s capabilities.  Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee also has instance variable baseSalary.  Subclass BasePlusCommissionEmployee inherits CommissionEmployee ’s methods. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26.  Each subclass constructor must call its superclass constructor to initialize the instance variables inherited from the superclass.  Superclass constructor call syntax—keyword super, followed by a set of parentheses containing the superclass constructor arguments.  Must be the first statement in the subclass constructor’s body.  If the subclass constructor did not invoke the superclass’s constructor explicitly, Java would attempt to invoke the superclass’s no-argument or default constructor.  Class CommissionEmployee does not have such a constructor, so the compiler would issue an error. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

27.  Compilation errors occur when the subclass attempts to access the superclass’s private instance variables.  The appropriate get methods to retrieve the values of the superclass’s instance variables should be used instead. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

28.  CommissionEmployee methods earnings and toString use the class’s get methods to obtain the values of its instance variables.  If we decide to change the internal representation of the data (e.g., variable names) only the bodies of the get and set methods that directly manipulate the instance variables will need to change.  These changes occur solely within the superclass—no changes to the subclass are needed.  Subclass BasePlusCommissionEmployee inherits CommissionEmployee ’s non- private methods and can access the private superclass members via those methods. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

31.  Method earnings overrides the superclass’s earnings method.  The new version calls CommissionEmployee ’s earnings method with super.earnings().  Placing the keyword super and a dot (. ) separator before the superclass method name invokes the superclass version of an overridden method.  Good software engineering practice  If a method performs all or some of the actions needed by another method, call that method rather than duplicate its code. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

32.  BasePlusCommissionEmployee ’s toString method overrides class CommissionEmployee ’s toString method.  The new version creates part of the String representation by calling CommissionEmployee ’s toString method with the expression super.toString(). © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

33.  Instantiating a subclass object begins a chain of constructor calls  The subclass constructor, before performing its own tasks, invokes its direct superclass’s constructor  If the superclass is derived from another class, the superclass constructor invokes the constructor of the next class up the hierarchy, and so on.  The last constructor called in the chain is always class Object ’s constructor.  Original subclass constructor’s body finishes executing last.  Each superclass’s constructor manipulates the superclass instance variables. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

34.  When you extend a class, the new class inherits the superclass’s members—though the private superclass members are hidden in the new class.  You can customize the new class to meet your needs by including additional members and by overriding superclass members.  Doing this does not require the subclass programmer to change (or even have access to) the superclass’s source code.  Java simply requires access to the superclass’s.class file. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

36.  All classes in Java inherit directly or indirectly from Object, so its 11 methods are inherited by all other classes.  Figure 9.12 summarizes Object ’s methods. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

39.  Check OpenLab for new labs  Check Blackboard for new quizzes © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.