3.  A branching tree has often been used as a metaphor for descent from a common ancestor. Each branch point (node) represents a common ancestor of everyone above that node on the tree. The end of every branch represents The “final product” of that descent From a common ancestor.

5.  Aristotle believed that life was organized in a hierarchy  But remember: Evolution is NOT like a ladder  There is no “pinnacle” of evolution.  Instead, evolution is more like a branching tree.

6.  A species’ phylogeny is its evolutionary history.  The base of the tree is the common ancestor  The nodes are also common ancestors  A phylogeny is a hypothesis.

7.  The study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms  The goal: classify on the basis of recency of common descent  i.e., who shared the most recent common ancestor?

8.  The science of naming and classifying organisms  The Father of Modern Taxonomy: Carl Linne  (a.k.a. Carollus Linnaeus)

9.  Full title: › Systema Naturae: Creationis telluris est gloria Dei ex opere Naturae per Hominem solum.  This last part translates as › "The Earth's creation is the glory of God, as seen from the works of Nature by Man alone.”

10.  related species are grouped in the same genus (plural, genera )  related genera are grouped in the same family  related families are grouped in the same order  related orders are grouped in the same class  related classes are grouped in the same phylum (plural, phyla )  related phyla are grouped in the same kingdom  related kingdoms are grouped in the same domain

11.  Carl Woese used ribosomal RNA to determine that there were three major groups of organisms that were EACH descended from a common ancestor.

12. All the other groups in the hierarchy are nested within one of the three DOMAINS.

14.  A taxon (plural = taxa) is a group of organisms related by evolutionary descent from a common ancestor.  The more closely related two species are, the more similar characteristics they will share.  Species descended from a common ancestor have shared, derived characteristics (a.k.a. characters)

15.  Every species has its own unique scientific name  It consists of its genus (capitalized)  And species (lower case)  The name is italicized.  Homo sapiens

17.  HOMOLOGOUS characters are shared between species because they were inherited from a common ancestor.

18.  ANALOGOUS characters have a similar function in two species, but were not inherited from a common ancestor.

20.  PRIMITIVE characters have been inherited from a common ancestor, but are not very changed from the ancestral form.  Example: All vertebrates have a bony tail posterior to the anus.

21.  PRIMITIVE characters are also called PLESIOMORPHIES.  plesio means “near” in Greek  morph means “form” or “shape”

22.  A symplesiomorphy is a primitive character shared by two or more taxa.  Like the post-anal tail shared here.

23.  DERIVED characters have been inherited from a common ancestor, but have diverged in form among species  Example: Great apes have reduced tails, compared to other vertebrates.

24.  DERIVED characters are also called APOMORPHIES.  apo means “away” in Greek.  morph means “shape” or “form”

25.  A synapomorphy is a shared, derived character.  Like the reduced tail shared only by apes, not other primates.

28.  1a – made of metal……………….go to 2  1b – made of paper………………..go to 5  2a – brown (copper)………………penny  2b – silver……………………………go to 3  3a – smooth edge…………………nickel  3b – ridged edge………………….go to 4  4a – torch on back………………..dime  4b – eagle on back……………….quarter

29.  Notice that they share some traits, but some share more traits than others.

30.  Your job: use the provided taxonomic key to identify your pasta samples to the correct “species”.

31.  A good taxonomic key can reflect evolutionary relationships by using shared, derived characters.

32.  With various “species” of hardware.  Each team will create a phylogenetic tree  Each team will create a taxonomic key  MAY THE BEST TEAM WIN!