1. Dr Jeremy Pritchard Human Evolution: an overview

7. o Hominoid: Great apes and humans o Hominid: Closer to us than gorillas and chimps

8. o Humans did not evolve from Apes o You are descended from your mother and father o You are related to your aunt and cousin Dad Mum Aunt Uncle You Cuz

9. Common ancestor

10. Contemporary animals

11. Contemporary animals Fossil s

12. Organisms with common features are likely to have a more recent common ancestor.

14. Locomotion

15. Brachiation: o Grip o Stereo vision

19. Humerus Femur

21. 1. Chimpanzee 2. Australopithecus africanus 3. Homo erectus 4. Homo sapiens

22. Brain size

23. Primate Characteristics/Trends o Brains larger than other animals

24. Log body weight (g) Log brain weight (g) Brains larger than other animals Brains larger than other animals in relation to body size

26. sex age stature race/species pathological conditions skeletal trauma Information from the skeleton

28. Trauma

33. Proconsul

34. Sahelanthropus tchadensis close to the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees @ 7 million years

36. Australopithecus afarensis Lucy, discovered in Ethiopia in 1974.

37. Australopithecus africanus Southern Ape of Africa

39. Don ’ t run before you can walk

41. Homo habilis (ca. 2.5-1.6 mya)

43. Homo erectus (1.6 mya-300 kya)

44. Homo neanderthal Homo erectus Homo sapiens ramapithicusAustralopithicus africanus Homo habilis

46. Skull radius (cm)Brian volume (cm3) 6454 6.25513 6.5577 6.75646 7720 7.25800 7.5886 7.75978 81075 8.251179 8.51290 8.751407 91531 9.251662 9.51800 9.751946 102100 10.252261 10.52431 10.752609 112795 11.252990 11.53194

48. Neanderthals (ca. 100-32 kya)

51. o Restricted to Europe, eastern Middle East during Ice Age o Evolved to be cold-adapted: –Short and stocky –Large nose (for warming air) –Barrel chest (for warming air) –Long, low, thick skull but with large Brain

52. Neanderthals are not our ancestors

53. Krings et al 1997 Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans NOT our ancestors….

54. Are we still evolving? Microevolution: change in gene frequency - YES Macro evolution : formation of species - NO

55. Are we still evolving? Some parts of Africa have seen an increase in the frequency of a gene called CCR5-32 Protects against infection with HIV-1. May have been selected for during bubonic plague

57. 25,000 genes 25, 000 genes Human Evolution - Chimps are our closest relative