1. Population genetics Bio341 Mutation - the ultimate source of all genetic variation Recombination - shuffles existing alleles Selection - different alleles and genotypes have different fitness. Frequencies change with time Migration - introduces alleles and genotypes into populations Drift - results in the loss of alleles from populations

2. Mutation and the fluctuation test

3. A population is: a group of individuals of the same species from which the next generation is drawn. (Often included is that members of the same population occupy the same locality and ecological niche.)

8. Effect of strong selection

9. See: Kent Holsinger’s web site, Univ. Connecticut

11. Consider a population that is: Haploid Asexual (no recombination) Not subject to any kind of selection

12. Random numbers:1 3 1 4 3 IndividualsIndividuals Generations

13. Random numbers:3 4 3 5 1 IndividualsIndividuals Generations

14. Random numbers:5 3 5 4 4 IndividualsIndividuals Generations

15. Random numbers:5 1 5 1 3 IndividualsIndividuals Generations

16. Random numbers:2 3 1 3 2 IndividualsIndividuals Generations

17. IndividualsIndividuals

18. IndividualsIndividuals Not all individuals leave behind descendants.

19. IndividualsIndividuals Generations Present individuals have a common ancestor.

20. IndividualsIndividuals Generations Present individuals have a common ancestor.

21. IndividualsIndividuals Generations Present individuals have a common ancestor.

22. IndividualsIndividuals Generations Present individuals have a common ancestor.

23. IndividualsIndividuals Generations Present individuals have a common ancestor.

24. For any pair of individuals, what is the chance of a common ancestor in the generation immediately preceding? Answer: 1/N IndividualsIndividuals Generations

25. For any pair of individuals, what is the average time back to the most recent common ancestor? Answer: N generations IndividualsIndividuals Generations

26. For any pair of individuals, what is the average number of mutational events separating them? Answer: 2N where  is the  RATE of mutation per gene (or per nucleotide) per generation. IndividualsIndividuals Generations

27. The effects of various forces on gene frequency (A) 0.0 100.0 Mutation a to A Mutation A to a drift migration Balancing selection Directional selection Selection against heterozygotes