Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Introduction to Zoology & Classification
2
SCIENTIFIC WORDS / IDEAS
3
Scientific Terminology
Hypothesis: A prediction of the outcome of an experiment Written: If______________, then _____________, because____________.
4
Testing Hypotheses Observation Experiment
Something you take in with your senses Experiment Perform CONTROLLED experiments to test repeated observations If continued to be accepted………….
5
Scientific Theory Principle Tested many times
Explains many different phenomena Makes predictions Falsifiable – people are constantly trying to prove wrong and correct “bad”’ science
6
Theory vrs Scientific Theory
Theory (as used outside of science) Guess Speculation Has not been tested
7
Law vrs Theory Law Theory
Observation that has been repeated numerous times Law of gravity Does not explain the observation Theory Explains why or how something in nature happens
8
Which is most important to a scientist?
Fact Hypothesis Law Theory
9
Theory is the most important
Explains laws, hypotheses and facts Law States what happens Hypothesis Untested theory Fact Observation
10
Major Scientific Theories
Germ Theory of Disease Germs cause infectious disease Atomic Theory Matter is made if tiny atoms Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory) Genes on chromosomes determine heredity Cell Theory All living things are made of cells
11
Theory of Evolution Populations of organisms change over time
Changes result in new species that share a common ancestor.
12
Evolution is both a fact and a theory
Evolution is documented in the fossil record and has been observed in our lifetime. Theory How evolution happens
13
Theory of Evolution Scientists no longer ask if evolution occurs. They study how evolution occurs. Evolution is the major theory that guides research in Zoology
14
CLASSIFICATION REVIEW
15
Aristotle 384 BC Classified organisms as either plants or animals
16
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Swedish Botanist Systema Naturae, 10ed
1758 Classification system Taxonomic groups of related organisms Binomial nomenclature two names Genus + species Capitalized, Italics
17
Taxonomic Groups
19
Species “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” When they reproduce, create FERTILE offspring Ernst Mayr
21
* * Archaea
22
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea Eukarya KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia CELL TYPE Prokaryote Eukaryote CELL STRUCTURES Cell walls with peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls of chitin Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls or chloroplasts NUMBER OF CELLS Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular MODE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
23
Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria
Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall peptidoglycan
24
Kingdom Archaea Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA
Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only
25
Kingdom Protista Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food
Kind of the “junk drawer” of classification
26
Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall Chitin Absorb food
27
Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall Produce food
Cellulose Produce food photosynthesis
28
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic No cell wall Ingest food
Motile
29
Terminology Classification Taxonomy Systematics
Assigning organisms to different catagories based on their relationship Taxonomy The science of naming organisms Systematics Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms
30
Cladogram Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms
Each clad (group) share something in common Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later Nested hierarchially
31
Cladogram for Transportation
Wheels are the most ancestral Wings are the most derived
32
MAKE A CLADOGRAM
33
Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram
Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait
34
Gorilla Chimpanzee Tiger Lizard Fish Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs
35
Synapomorphy A derived character shared by two or more groups.
Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups of mammals. Synapomorphies are used to determine evolutionary relationships
36
Symplesiomorphy Character shared by a number of groups
Inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor. Symplesiomorphies are not helpful in determining evolutionary relationships
38
Accepted Cladogram for Animals
Birds Mammals Reptile Amphibian Fish Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae
39
Homologous Characters
Similarity in features of different groups because of their descent from a common ancestor
40
Analagous Characters Similarity in characteristics in different groups caused by factors OTHER THAN their distant common ancestry
41
Monophyletic A group of all the descendants of a common ancestor
The common ancestor is in the group Example: Mammalia Ancestor was a mammal like reptile
42
Paraphyletic A group of descendants of a common ancestor
Common ancestor is in the group Not all descendants are included Example: Reptiles Does not include birds and mammals
43
Polyphyletic A group that has some similarities
Common ancestor is in not in the group Not all descendants are included Example: Flying vertebrates
44
Asymmetry No Lines of symmetry Most protists & many sponges
Do not develop complex communication, sensory or locomotor function
45
Radial Symmetry Multiple lines of symmetry
Not as simple communication, sensory or locomotor function; but still not as complex
46
Bilateral Symmetry One line of symmetry
Usually longitudinal, dividing animals into right and left mirror images Characteristic of active, motile, crawling or swimming animals Usually move in one direction – so the end that faces the world is normally where complex sensory, nervous and feeding structures evolve and develop. (Cephalization)
Similar presentations
