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Origin of Dinosaurs
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How Diversity is studied
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Phylogenetics
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Hypthesizing Relationships
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A (vague) evolutionary tree
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Something more precise
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Cladogram
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A cladogram for dinosaurs and relatives
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A cladogram for advanced theropod dinosaurs
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Cladogram for group of North American stream fishes
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SMN’s ground-breaking work on African anabantid fishes
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Supraorbital pores of the cephalic lateralis
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Deep time – dinosaur ancestors
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Tetrapods are terrestrial adapted vertebrates – they have legs with feet
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First dinosaurs First tetrapods
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Tetrapods come out of the fish world
† Eusthenopteron
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Modifications of skull
Tetrapoda Neotetrapoda “Fishes” Temnospondyli Lissamphibia Actinistia (coelacanth) Dipneusti (lungfish) Amniota (see Fig. 26.2) Anura Gymnophiona Urodela Diverse tetrapod groups† *Diverse Devonian groups† Ichthyostegans† Diverse temnospondyl groups† Characteristics of jaw, skull Modifications of skull bones (tentative) Three-lobed tail; ossified swim bladder; double jaw articulation Tetrapods
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† Panderichthys
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Tetrapod Origins Ray Troll
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Towards terrestrial tetrapods
aquatic Semi-terrestrial
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Early tetrapod (fish-like)
Later tetrapod (more terrestrial)
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† Acanthostega Early tetrapod trackway
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aquatic Semi-terrestrial Eusthenopteron
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aquatic Semi-terrestrial Panderichthys
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aquatic Semi-terrestrial Tiktaalik
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aquatic Semi-terrestrial Acanthostega
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aquatic Semi-terrestrial Ichthyostega
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“Fishes” (more or less)
Pederpes Not a fish Ichthyostega Acanthostega “Fishes” (more or less) Tiktaalik Panderichthys Eusthenopteron
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Nelson (2006): Tetrapods are a “divergent sideline within the fishes that ascends onto land and into the air and secondarily returns to water.”
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Early terrestrial tetrapods
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Very rich Paleozoic diversity of these creatures
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Carboniferous Era Great time to be an early terrestrial tetrapod
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Carboniferous mya
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Very rich Paleozoic diversity of these creatures
CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC Carboniferous Devonian Coelacanth 395 252 66 Geologic time (MY ago) Permian Caecilians Salamanders Lissamphibians Anthracosauria Lepospondyli Ichthyostega Dipneusti Sarcopterygian ancestor Frogs and toads Diverse temnospondyl groups (includes Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, and Acanthostega) Diverse Devonian groups Amniota Amniotes
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Reptiles / Mammals Amphibians Most gone – Two groups survived Amniotes
Frogs and toads Anthracosauria Lepospondyli Amniota Amphibians Salamanders Ichthyostega Lissamphibians Caecilians Dipneusti Diverse temnospondyl groups (includes Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, and Acanthostega) Diverse Devonian groups Sarcopterygian ancestor Coelacanth Devonian Carboniferous Permian PALEOZOIC MESOZOIC CENOZOIC 395 252 66 Geologic time (MY ago)
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Very rich Paleozoic diversity of these creatures
CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC Carboniferous Devonian Coelacanth 395 252 66 Geologic time (MY ago) Permian Caecilians Salamanders Lissamphibians Anthracosauria Lepospondyli Ichthyostega Dipneusti Sarcopterygian ancestor Frogs and toads Diverse temnospondyl groups (includes Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, and Acanthostega) Diverse Devonian groups Amniota Amniotes
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on our way to amphibians
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Class Amphibia
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Very rich Paleozoic diversity of these creatures
CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC Carboniferous Devonian Coelacanth 395 252 66 Geologic time (MY ago) Permian Caecilians Salamanders Lissamphibians Anthracosauria Lepospondyli Ichthyostega Dipneusti Sarcopterygian ancestor Frogs and toads Diverse temnospondyl groups (includes Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, and Acanthostega) Diverse Devonian groups Amniota Amniotes
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On our way to mammals / reptiles
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Amniotes Reptiles Mammals Other
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Reptiles / Mammals Amphibians Most gone – Two groups survived Amniotes
CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC Carboniferous Devonian Coelacanth 395 252 66 Geologic time (MY ago) Permian Caecilians Salamanders Lissamphibians Anthracosauria Lepospondyli Ichthyostega Dipneusti Sarcopterygian ancestor Frogs and toads Diverse temnospondyl groups (includes Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, and Acanthostega) Diverse Devonian groups Amniota Amniotes Reptiles / Mammals Amphibians
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Carboniferous mya
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Before we get to the Mesozoic, we have to survive the Permian
Carboniferous
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Permian – it all almost ends
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Permian – cooler and drier
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A new, drier, world favors a new type of tetrapod
Amniotes
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Amniotes Amniotes CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC Carboniferous Devonian
Coelacanth 395 252 66 Geologic time (MY ago) Permian Caecilians Salamanders Lissamphibians Anthracosauria Lepospondyli Ichthyostega Dipneusti Sarcopterygian ancestor Frogs and toads Diverse temnospondyl groups (includes Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, and Acanthostega) Diverse Devonian groups Amniota Amniotes Amniotes
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Amniota
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Amnoita (living)
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Deriving Amniotes
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Carboniferous terrestrial habitats
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Permian – cooler and drier
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Post-Paleozoic is the age of amniotes
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The Mesozoic was really cool
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AGE OF AMNIOTES
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Adapting to the new conditions
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Moving away from water
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Amnoites Amniotes CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC Carboniferous Devonian
Coelacanth 395 252 66 Geologic time (MY ago) Permian Caecilians Salamanders Lissamphibians Anthracosauria Lepospondyli Ichthyostega Dipneusti Sarcopterygian ancestor Frogs and toads Diverse temnospondyl groups (includes Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, and Acanthostega) Diverse Devonian groups Amniota Amniotes Amnoites
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Amniota What’s going on at the beginning?
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Amniotic Egg
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Amniotic Egg 65
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Fish Amphibian Amniote
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Internal Fertilization
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No more gill breathing – even in larvae
amphibian larvae
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Body covering Dry and dead
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Respiration
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Anamniotes – Positive Pressure Breathing
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Amniotes – negative pressure breathing
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Patterns in Skull Evolution
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Pre-Amniote Diadectes
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Pre-Amniote
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Skulls Anapsid Pre-Amniote Synapsid Diapsid
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anapsid skull and jaw muscles
pre-amniote
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anapsid skull and jaw muscles
pre-amniote
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foramen pre-amniote amniote
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Skulls Anapsid Synapsid Diapsid
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foramen present No foramen
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Anapsid Synapsid Diapsid
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Reptiles, birds, dinosaurs, etc. Mammals and ancestors
Amniote ancestor Anapsid Diapsid Synapsid Reptiles, birds, dinosaurs, etc. Mammals and ancestors
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Anapsid anamniotes, stem amniotes
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Synapsid
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Synapsid Dimetrodon
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Synapsid Modern mammal
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Synapsid fenestra joined with orbit Modern mammal orbit
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Diapsid
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Diapsid orbit orbit
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Diapsid tuatara orbit
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Diapsid Modern Lizard
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Diapsid Modern snake
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Diapsid Modern bird orbit
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Diapsid orbit Mesozoic reptiles orbit
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Turtles
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Turtles are diapsids with a (secondarily acquired) anapsid skull
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Fenestration
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Clear proof of diapsids on Mars
NASA Photos (Science Education is important)
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Jaw rearrangements Fig
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The big split anapsid anamniote diapsid synapsid
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The big split
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The big split
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Synapsid lineage
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Diapsid radiation
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The big split
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Synapsids – only mammals remain
All this is extinct
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Diapsids – many fossil groups, but many groups remain
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Some interesting parallels in evolution
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Endothermy warm-bloodedness Living Amniotes Diapsid Synapsid
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Endothermy warm-bloodedness Diapsids Synapsids
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Both groups Greater Mobility
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Greater Mobility Higher metabolism More heat generation
better respiration better circulation waste heat elimination heat conservation / utilization diet / digestion
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What do we do with the heat?
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Diet
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Respiration ancestor towards mammals towards birds
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Circulation
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Some interesting parallels in evolution
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Reptiles and Diapsids
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