1. Dar al-Islam literally = House of Islam commonly refers to lands heavily influenced by Islam or where Muslims can practice freely along with China, Dar al-Islam drives the history of the Post-Classical Era

2. Mediterranean Red Sea Persian Gulf Atlantic Ocean Arabian Peninsula Near East Anatolia Sahara Persia Byzantine Empire Umayyad Empire Abbasid Empire Damascus Baghdad Spain Cordoba

3. Key Terms Arab = originally a resident of the Arabian Peninsula, then a speaker of Arabic Bedouin = nomads of the Arabian Peninsula Islam = “submission” monotheistic religion that grew out of Christianity & teaching of Muhammad Muslim = “one who submits” person who practices Islam

4. Nomadic Life in the Pre-Islamic Arab World

5. Bedouins Center of Arab culture Tribal Filled w/ rivalry & competition Animistic polytheism On periphery of civilization

6. Towns & Trade Bedouin herders trade with oasis towns

8. Examples

11. The Rise of Islam

12. Muhammad* Jesus* Abraham David Moses* Judaism Christianity Islam

13. Judaism – a primer 1 god = Yahweh Prophets: 1 st = Abraham, founder= Moses Religion of practice Belief in covenant Text = Torah (Old Testament of Bible) No clear hierarchy in leadership

14. Christianity – a primer 1 god = Yahweh Prophets: 1 st = Abraham, founder= Jesus Religion of faith Strong belief in missionary work Text = Bible - Old Testament & New Testament (life of Jesus) Hierarchical leadership (Pope in Rome, Patriarch in Constantinople)

15. Islam – a primer 1 god = Allah Prophets: 1 st = Abraham, founder= Muhammad Religion of faith & practice Strong belief in missionary work Text = Quran – believed to be exact word of god No clear hierarchy

16. Islam 5 Pillars most basic customs that support Islam 1.Profession of Faith  There is only 1 god, Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger

17. Gulzar

18. Zoomorphic

19. Tughra

20. Bowl w/ Foliated Calligraphy

21. Qur'an

22. Rare illustrated version of the “Life of the Prophet”

23. Marble Wall in Afghanistan

24. Practices: 5 Pillars 2.Prayer  Pray 5 times daily at prescribed times (dawn, noon, afternoon, evening, after sundown)  Face Mecca

25. The Haram (Great Mosque)

27. Practices: 5 Pillars 3.Charity  systematic giving of 2.5% of one's wealth each year to benefit the poor

28. Great Mosque of Qairawwan

29. Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil

32. Practices: 5 Pillars 4.Fasting  Fast during the holy month of Ramadan

33. Practices: 5 Pillars 5.Pilgrimage (Hajj)  the journey to holy city of Mecca that every adult Muslim must undertake at least once

38. Significance of 5 Pillars on Islam Unity, equality, common experience Travel, trade, exchange Building of universities & centers of learning Study of astronomy

39. Comparing Monotheistic Religions Using World Civilization doc reader: Compare beliefs/attitudes toward god & practices. 1. Judaism & Old Testament (pg. 11) 2. Christianity & New Testament (pg. 101) 3. Islam & Koran (pg. 114)

41. Crisis After Muhammad’s Death Faced Two Main Problems: 1.Arabic tribes leave Muslim community 2.Who should succeed Muhammad leadership? Caliph (successor, deputy): political & religious leader Results: Dispute b/t Sunni & Shia

42. Sunni Feel that devout Muslims can be caliphs even if not related to Muhammad Make up approximately 80% of world Muslim population today Supported Abu Bakr Friend of Muhammad's; early convert to Islam Becomes 1 st caliph

43. Shi'a Only accepted caliphs who were direct descendants of Muhammad Supported Ali Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law Believe rule of first three caliphs was illegitimate

45. Crisis After Muhammad’s Death Result of dispute b/t Sunni & Shia: Conflict allows the sunni Umayyad clan to rise to power

46. Umayyad Empire -Arab -Conquerors

47. Timeline – pt1 597 = Byzantine & Persian Wars 613 = Muhammad begins preaching 632-661 = Early Caliphs 661-750 = Umayyad Empire

49. Umayyad Empire stretched from Spain to central Asia Administrative Reforms Caliph appointed governors to rule far-flung provinces Governors ruled from strong garrison towns Spoils from victories helped finance Umayyad government Bureaucracy & military dominated by Muslim Arab elite

50. Instituted a three-level tax system: 1) Muslim Arabs: approx 4% of population not taxed 2) Muslim converts (non-Arab): approx 6% of population, largest land owners paid land tax 3) Non-Muslims & “People of the Book”: approx 90% of population paid land tax paid jizya (head tax) for security subject to own laws & courts

51. The Down Fall of Umayyad in 750 Revolt? Led by: Devout Muslims upset with extravagance of Umayyad leadership Shias Muslim converts (non-Arabs)

53. Abbasid Caliphate Replaced Umayyad in 750 Read primary docs to find out what Abbasid Empire & its capital city (Bagdad) was like Ben Tudela was Jewish & from Spain Ibn Battuta was Muslim & from Morocco 1.What was Baghdad & Abbasid leadership like according to these two travelers? 2.How does the authors’ backgrounds influence their accounts?

54. Abbasid -Islamic flowering -Preservers

55. Abbasid Umayyad

56. Mediterranean Red Sea Persian Gulf Atlantic Ocean Arabian Peninsula Near East Anatolia Sahara Persia Byzantine Empire Umayyad Empire Abbasid Empire Damascus Baghdad Spain Cordoba

57. Timeline – pt2 750-1258 = Abbasid 777-809 = strong Abbasid Era, wars of succession 945 – Buyid Persians capture Baghdad 1055 – Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad 1096 – Crusades start 1258 – Mongols overthrow Abbasid, end Caliphate

58. Rise of Abbasid Party Abbasid (the party of Abbas, tracing descent from Muhammad’s uncle) Revolt dethroned Umayyad & captured capital Supported by: Devout Muslims who opposed extravagant Umayyad Persian Muslims who resented secondary status Shia Muslims who did not recognize Sunni caliphs al-Abbas slaughtered Umayyad family at “Reconciliation Banquet”

59. Early Abbasid Era Built off of Umayyad precedent: Rejected revolutionary allies (Shia) & defended Sunni Time of: Wealth Learning But, clearly different…

60. Islamic Conversion Mass conversions to Islam were encouraged throughout the empire. Most converts were won over peacefully because of appeal of Islamic beliefs and advantages they enjoyed: - didn’t have to pay head tax - educational opportunities - jobs as traders, administrators, judges

61. Abbasid Policies Centralizing forces More complex bureaucracy Created position of chief minister, wazir Used Persian ruling concepts Decentralizing forces Strained leadership & succession problems Influence of external groups Provinces at outer reaches broke away or failed to forward taxes

62. Wealth & Prosperity Commercial boom financed art, literature, palaces Thrones of gold & jewels Harems Elitism!

63. Thousand and One Nights Read inset on pg. 145 Answer the questions at the bottom

64. Reason for wealth & learning… Agrarian Expansion & Commercial Boom

65. New Crops & Urban Growth Several factors led to strong internal economy 1. Location 2. Size of empire 3. Beliefs of Islam Hajj View of merchants “People of the Book”

66. New Crops & Urban Growth Fostered diffusion of crops & technologies Sugarcane, rice, eggplants, oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, coconuts, watermelons, cotton Irrigation, fertilization, crop rotation Impact = more planting seasons, increased food supplies, urban growth, wealthy merchant & landlord class, slave trade Camel, camel saddle, compass, paper, astrolabe, triangular lateen sail, dhows Impact = formation of hemispheric trading zone

67. Hemispheric Trading Zone Acting as merchants on Silk Roads Acting as merchants on Trans-Sahara Routes Acting as merchants on Indian Ocean Impact: Interconnection b/t Africa, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, China; Improved banking; New business forms that spread risks Example = Africa

68. Wealth & Prosperity Commercial boom fostered urbanization Baghdad New capital Richest city in the world

69. Era of Learning Commercial boom financed science After Islam Receptive to accomplishments of conquered civs Translated & built on Greek works Religious, legal, philosophical, scientific, & mathematic treatises flourish (Empire of Faith: Baghdad city of scholars & science)

70. Review: Compare Caliphates With a partner, create a poster of words & visuals that compares & contrasts… the Umayyad Empire OR the Abbasid Empire with A classical empire of your choice.

71. Review: Impact of Islam on World

72. Timeline – pt3 1291 = Last Christian Crusader state falls 1300s = Ottoman Turks enter Middle East & fill power vacuum 1453 = Ottomans conquer Constantinople, establishing a new Muslim empire in the Middle East & ending the Byzantine