1. Emperor Hammurabi receives a code of laws from the god Shamash, patron of justice. The region’s history includes Fertile Crescent and Egyptian civilizations, the birth of three major religions, and the spread of Muslim empires. NEXT North Africa and Southwest Asia: Place and Times

2. Physical Geography SECTION 1 Ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent SECTION 2 Ancient Egypt SECTION 3 Birthplace of Three Religions SECTION 4 Muslim Empires SECTION 5 NEXT North Africa and Southwest Asia: Place and Times

3. Section 1 Physical Geography Water and the lack of it has shaped this region of flooding rivers, little rainfall, and surrounding seas. NEXT

4. Rivers and Deserts Water’s Importance Little rain falls, so water and lack of water shapes region - in area’s deserts, water is only found in oasis areas Annual river flooding makes some areas’ soil fertile—productive - fertile soil has nutrients to help plants grow Physical Geography 1 SECTION NEXT

5. From Hunter-Gatherers to Farmers Hunter-gatherers hunt, fish, and gather wild grain, fruit, nuts - humans have been hunter-gatherers 99% of their time on Earth Hunter-gatherers eventually settle, raise animals, crops - first areas settled include Nile, Tigris, Euphrates river valleys Nile flows from east central Africa through Egypt Tigris, Euphrates flow from southeast Turkey into Persian Gulf Three Rivers NEXT 1 SECTION Continued...

6. How Rivers Enrich the Soil Rivers allow farming in region’s salty, sandy soil Melted snow from Ethiopian mountains floods Nile Melted snow in Turkish highlands floods Tigris, Euphrates Floods leave behind fertile soil continued Three Rivers NEXT 1 SECTION Irrigation To get water from rivers to farms, farmers develop irrigation - irrigation—methods of bringing water to dry land

7. Trade Routes Mild climate of land around Mediterranean Sea attracts settlers - early civilizations form on eastern shores Red Sea is historically an important trade route for goods, ideas Persian Gulf also important trade route - important today because it is in the middle of oil-rich region Surrounding Waters NEXT 1 SECTION Continued...

8. Energy from an Ancient Sea Huge sea covered region millions of years ago Sea creatures’ bodies sank to bottom, were covered by mud, sand Over time, heat and pressure turn dead matter into petroleum, or oil NEXT 1 SECTION continued Surrounding Waters Turkey Turkey is cooler then rest of region, gets more rain Has grasslands, forest areas

9. Section 2 Ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent Ancient Mesopotamia’s complex civilization, based on city-states, develops a code of laws and a written language. NEXT

10. 2 SECTION The Mesopotamian City-State The Fertile Crescent Hammurabi—ancient Mesopotamian emperor, ruled 1792–1750 B.C. Mesopotamia—Greek for “land between the rivers” Covers area of Iraq, parts of Syria, Turkey Region called Fertile Crescent due to shape, fertile soil Ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent NEXT Continued...

11. 2 SECTION City-States Sumerians—first inhabitants form city-states around 3000 B.C. City-state—city and areas it controls Three challenges influence development of city- states: - high walls protect from hostile invaders - irrigation canals provide water to area with little rainfall - allow safe trading of grain, dates, cloth for stones, metals, timber continued The Mesopotamian City-State NEXT Continued...

12. 2 SECTION Government by Priests and Kings Each city-state builds temple to specific guardian god - temple is built on ziggurat—pyramid-shaped tower City-states are first ruled by temple priests, then elected leaders - leaders later become kings Kings control politics, military; priests control religion, economy continued The Mesopotamian City-State NEXT Continued...

13. 2 SECTION From Kings to Emperors Sometimes kings conquer other city-states - let conquered city-states keep gods, local control Some kings build empires from conquered lands - empire—group of countries under one ruler’s control - force conquered people to worship emperor as god continued The Mesopotamian City-State NEXT

14. 2 SECTION The Three Classes Mesopotamia has class system—society divided into social groups - each group, or class, has certain rights, protections Top class: kings, priests, rich property owners Middle class: skilled workers, merchants, farmers Bottom class: slave workers - some captured in wars, others sold into slavery to pay debts The Class System NEXT

15. 2 SECTION Cuneiform Cuneiform—one of first systems of writing, developed by Sumerians - used to write lists, records, histories, religious beliefs, science Most Sumerians cannot write; scribes trained to keep records A Culture Based on Writing NEXT Continued... Educating Scribes Most scribes are children of rich officials, priests, merchants Boys, some girls attend “tablet houses”—scribe schools Memorize 600 wedge-shaped characters

16. 2 SECTION Scribes Played Many Roles Scribes also write own literary, scientific works - some women write lullabies, love songs Traveling scribes share writings from other countries Scribes read works out loud to audiences Stories include tales from The Epic of Gilgamesh continued A Culture Based on Writing NEXT

17. Section 3 Ancient Egypt The civilization of the ancient Egyptians developed in response to both its desert environment and the flooding waters of the Nile River. NEXT

18. 3 SECTION Ancient Egypt and the Nile The River in the Sand Greek historian Herodotus calls Egypt “the gift of the Nile” Most of Egypt is desert, which discourages invaders - Nile is called “the river in the sand” Egyptians, farmers plan their year around Nile flooding - but cannot predict amount of flooding each year - low floods limit crops; high floods destroy fields, homes Ancient Egypt NEXT Continued...

19. 3 SECTION Taming the Nile Build canals to carry water from river to dry areas Strengthen riverbanks to prevent overflow Use Nile to travel between cities; build boats, harbors, ports Nile made trade profitable, removed need for many roads continued Ancient Egypt and the Nile NEXT The Nile’s Gifts Nile mud used for pottery, bricks Papyrus—paperlike material from papyrus plant found in Nile marshes

20. 3 SECTION The Pyramids Idea of afterlife important to life, culture Build huge temples, monuments, pyramids— four triangular sides Pyramids built as afterlife palaces for pharaohs—kings The Great Builders NEXT Materials and Labor Pyramids built with large blocks of stone, capped with gold Builders use hieroglyphics—write with pictographs for words, sounds All families help with dangerous work, as laborers, food providers

21. 3 SECTION Religion in Daily Life Pharaoh considered to be son of sun god Re, linked to sky god Horus - Pharoah is Egypt’s main judge, commander, religious figure Temples built to honor major gods, local gods, pharaohs - only priests carried out temple rituals Most citizens pray, make offerings in other buildings, home shrines The Pharaoh and the Gods NEXT Continued...

22. 3 SECTION Preparing for the Afterlife Average citizens are not buried in pyramids Family members bury relatives, tend to their spirits - preserve bodies from decay by mummifying them - fill tombs with items for dead to use - decorate tombs with art - make regular offerings to honor dead continued The Pharaoh and the Gods NEXT

23. Section 4 Birthplace of Three Religions Southwest Asia was the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. NEXT

24. Three Religions Jerusalem City has been home for centuries to Jews, Christians, Muslims Each group believes in only one god— monotheism - Sumerians, Egyptians believe in many gods—polytheism Each religion was begun by single person, has sacred writings Birthplace of Three Religions NEXT 4 SECTION

25. 4 Yahweh and Abraham Hebrews, first monotheists, believe Yahweh spoke to Abraham - has him leave Mesopotamian Ur, settle in Canaan (now Israel) Abraham’s descendants are Jews; religion is Judaism Abraham and the Origin of Judaism NEXT Continued...

26. 4 SECTION How Judaism Adapted over Time In 586 B.C., Babylonians destroy Jews’ First Temple in Jerusalem - Jews are exiled to Babylon Persians take over Mesopotamia 50 years later - Jews return to Jerusalem, rebuild Temple Jerusalem, Temple destroyed when Jews fight Roman rule in A.D. 66 Most Jews live outside Jerusalem for next 1,800 years continued Abraham and the Origin of Judaism NEXT

27. 4 SECTION Early Life Around 8 to 4 B.C., Jewish boy Jesus born in Bethlehem, Palestine According to Bible’s Gospels, written decades after his death: - grew up in Galilee, baptized at age 30 by cousin John the Baptist - for 3 years, preaches love, forgiveness; performs miracles - 12 disciples, other followers believe he is Jewish Messiah—savior - called Christ—Greek for messiah; followers called Christians Jesus and the Birth of Christianity NEXT Continued...

28. 4 SECTION Final Days Some government, religious leaders feel Jesus, followers are threat - in Jerusalem, Jesus betrayed by disciple, Judas Iscariot - arrested, tried, crucified; disciples believe he was resurrected continued Jesus and the Birth of Christianity NEXT Beginnings of Christianity Disciples spread Jesus’ teachings and belief he was Jewish Messiah Christianity develops from Jewish roots, spreads around world Today, few Christians live in Southwest Asia

29. 4 SECTION The Region’s Third Monotheistic Religion Muhammad born in Mecca around A.D. 570 - founder of Islam—religion with one god, whose prophet is Muhammad - Muslim—believer in Islam Muslims believe that around 610, Muhammad is commanded by a voice Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam NEXT Continued...

30. 4 SECTION Muhammad’s Teachings Muhammad believes angel Gabriel tells him the will of God - Gabriel sends him revelations over next 22 years Revelations later collected into Qur’an—sacred text of Islam Muhammad shares divine messages, criticizes rich of Mecca Mecca’s leaders try to kill Muhammad In 622, Muhammad, followers escape to nearby Medina continued Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam NEXT

31. Section 5 Muslim Empires Islamic beliefs and culture spread out Southwest Asia and much of the world NEXT

32. The Five Pillars of Islam Religious Duties Five Pillars of Islam—Muslims’ important religious duties - these duties unite Muslims around the world Muslim Empires NEXT 5 SECTION

33. Conquest, Trade, and Learning After Muhammad’s death, a caliph is chosen to succeed him Caliphs form caliphate—empire—as theocracy, ruled by religious leader Caliphate’s vast trading system spreads Islamic ideas, artwork In early Middle Ages, Muslims save important books, papers - preserve ancient world’s knowledge, later studied by Europeans Muslim Empires NEXT 5 SECTION Islam in Europe Muslims conquer Spain, but stopped in 732 at Tours by Charles Martel

34. Suleiman, “The Magnificent” Muslim Ottoman Empire controls Turkey, other parts of region - ruled by sultans from capital Constantinople (now Istanbul) Sultans tolerate other religions In 1500s Suleiman I creates code of laws for system of justice - called “The Magnificent” by Christians, “The Lawgiver” by Muslims Under Suleiman I, Empire is richest, most powerful in region, Europe The Ottoman Empire NEXT 5 SECTION

35. The Janissaries Many male slaves in Empire are soldiers Janissaries—special group of soldiers loyal to sultan - developed in late 1300s out of slave forces So powerful by 1660s, sultans feared them Attacked sultan in 1826 - 6,000 Janissaries are killed; sultan disbands force Slaves and Soldiers NEXT 5 SECTION

36. Weakening in the 1800s Empire constantly fights wars, grows weak - cannot compete with industrialized trade - comes close to bankruptcy in 1800s Sultan Mehmed V on losing side of WWI, gives up Arab lands By 1924, Ottoman Empire is replaced by modern Turkey The Decline of the Ottoman Empire NEXT 5 SECTION